铁 用于 不宁腿综合征
A 证据 多项大型临床试验一致显示出显著的益处。基于65项研究(5项荟萃分析),共24,923名参与者。34/65项研究显示积极效果。
结论
Iron supplementation is well-supported by research for reducing restless leg syndrome symptoms, especially in people with confirmed iron deficiency.
- 65 studies with nearly 25,000 participants — one of the most studied supplement-condition pairs
- A 2025 meta-analysis confirmed the efficacy and safety of iron for RLS
- Iron deficiency is a recognized major risk factor for restless leg syndrome
- IV iron (ferric carboxymaltose) shows particularly strong results in clinical trials
Key Study Findings
研究人群: RLS patients with serum ferritin <300 µg/L
Key Statistics
173
研究数量
36638
受试者
Mixed
等级
Referenced Papers
Dosage & Usage
mg = milligrams · mcg = micrograms (1,000× smaller) · IU = International Units
常用剂量
- rls:
- 65 mg elemental iron if ferritin <75
- general:
- 18 mg/day (women)
上限: 45 mg/day
研究中使用的剂量
| 剂量 | 持续时间 | 效果 | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| various | -- | Positive | -- |
| None | -- | Positive | 90 |
| 1000 mg ferric carboxymaltose | -- | Positive | 58 |
| iron supplementation, folate, dopamine agonists (non-pharmacological and pharmacological) | -- | Positive | -- |
| dopamine agonists, iron supplementation, alpha-2-delta ligands | -- | Positive | -- |
| None | -- | Neutral | -- |
| None | -- | Mixed | -- |
| None | -- | Positive | -- |
最佳服用时间: On an empty stomach with vitamin C; take in the morning, not before bed
Safety & Side Effects
已报告的副作用
- ⚠ Constipation
- ⚠ Nausea
- ⚠ Stomach pain
- ⚠ Dark stools
- ⚠ Iron overload risk (hemochromatosis)
已知相互作用
- ● Antacids and PPIs — reduce iron absorption
- ● Levothyroxine — iron reduces thyroid medication absorption
- ● Antibiotics (tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones) — mutual absorption reduction
- ● Calcium supplements — take separately by 2 hours
可耐受最高摄入量: 45 mg/day
在开始服用任何补充剂之前,请务必咨询您的医疗保健提供者。
Frequently Asked Questions
Does 铁 help with 不宁腿综合征?
How much 铁 should I take for 不宁腿综合征?
Are there side effects of 铁?
How strong is the evidence for 铁 and 不宁腿综合征?
Related Evidence
其他成分用于 不宁腿综合征
References
- [1] A Culebras. Rev Neurol. [Restless leg syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment]. PubMed
- [2] Reyhan Yuksek et al.. Neurol India. 2026. Restless Leg Syndrome and Association with Serum NT Pro-CNP. doi:10.4103/neuroindia.NI_673_19 PubMed
- [3] Federico Castillo-Álvarez et al.. Med Clin (Barc). 2025. Restless legs syndrome. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2024.05.026 PubMed
- [4] Yves Dauvilliers et al.. Circ Res. 2025. Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Leg Movements, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.125.325677 PubMed
- [5] Xie Chengfeng et al.. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025. Engineered polyphenol-keratin nanocarriers enhance probiotic delivery and ameliorate obese ulcerative colitis. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115035 PubMed
- [6] Yasmina M Ebrahim et al.. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025. Integrative sleep management: from molecular pathways to conventional and herbal treatments. doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04183-y PubMed
- [7] Aboud Tahanis et al.. Sleep. 2025. Serum alpha-synuclein in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae217 PubMed
- [8] Celia Garcia-Malo et al.. J Clin Sleep Med. 2025. Efficacy and safety of intravenous iron in patients with restless legs syndrome with normal serum ferritin levels: a stratified subanalysis. doi:10.5664/jcsm.11846 PubMed
- [9] Thomas Dye et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2025. Iron Metabolism and the Role of Iron Therapy in Pediatric Restless Leg Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2025.02.005 PubMed
- [10] Zhixin Wang et al.. J Neurol. 2025. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: epidemiology, pathogenetic overlaps, and clinical management. doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13288-6 PubMed
- [11] David Anguizola et al.. Semin Neurol. 2025. Restless Legs Syndrome: Neurochemistry and Therapy. doi:10.1055/a-2538-3300 PubMed
- [12] Ambra Stefani. Handb Clin Neurol. 2025. Circadian pattern in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00009-5 PubMed
- [13] Maria P Mogavero et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2025. Therapy of Childhood Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2025.02.007 PubMed
- [14] Amy M Phillips et al.. South Med J. 2025. Restless Leg Syndrome and Pregnancy. doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001823 PubMed
- [15] Yoshio Tsuboi. Brain Nerve. 2025. [Restless Legs Syndrome]. doi:10.11477/mf.188160960770101111 PubMed
- [16] Umer Younas et al.. J Pak Med Assoc. 2025. Optimizing Restless Legs Syndrome Care: Integrating Rehabilitation into Multimodal Management. doi:10.47391/JPMA.25-97 PubMed
- [17] Parimala Elangovan et al.. Cureus. 2025. Prevalence of Restless Leg Syndrome and Its Association With Iron Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Observational … doi:10.7759/cureus.86188 PubMed
- [18] Sehyr Imran et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2025. Clinical Features of Childhood Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2025.02.003 PubMed
- [19] Abdelrahman Mahmoud et al.. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2025. Efficacy and safety of iron supplements for restless leg syndrome, a systematic review, meta-analysis, meta-regression, and trial sequential analysis of … doi:10.1080/08998280.2025.2527549 PubMed
- [20] Xin Guo et al.. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2025. Clinical feature and alpha-synuclein level of restless legs syndrome with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 encoding gene mutation. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107944 PubMed
- [21] Gianpaolo Maggi et al.. Sleep Med. 2024. Prevalence and clinical profile of patients with restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.07.015 PubMed
- [22] Osman S Ipsiroglu et al.. Nutrients. 2024. Iron Deficiency and Restless Sleep/Wake Behaviors in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Mental Health Conditions. doi:10.3390/nu16183064 PubMed
- [23] Diego Garcia-Borreguero et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2024. Rethinking clinical trials in restless legs syndrome: A roadmap. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101978 PubMed
- [24] Vanessa Short et al.. Am J Hematol. 2024. A randomized double-blind pilot study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous iron versus oral iron for the … doi:10.1002/ajh.27290 PubMed
- [25] Pedro González-Parejo et al.. Nutrients. 2024. Effects of Dietary Supplementation in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome: A Systematic Review. doi:10.3390/nu16142315 PubMed
- [26] Elie Matar et al.. Sleep. 2024. Efficacy of intravenous iron for restless legs syndrome-moving beyond monotherapy and into the "real world". doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae022 PubMed
- [27] Apostolos Manolopoulos et al.. Ann Neurol. 2024. Brain Iron Dysregulation in Iron Deficiency Anemia-Related Restless Leg Syndrome Revealed by Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Case-Control Study. doi:10.1002/ana.26941 PubMed
- [28] Inés María Virgili Alemán et al.. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024. Biotechnological properties of Bacillus amylolyquefaciens B65 isolated from an artisanal tannery. doi:10.1007/s11274-024-04215-4 PubMed
- [29] J Karregat et al.. Transfusion. 2024. Iron deficiency-related symptoms in non-anemic whole blood donors. doi:10.1111/trf.17983 PubMed
- [30] Syeda Nimra Qadri et al.. Sleep Med. 2024. Clinical efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose in restless legs syndrome: A meta-analysis of 537 patients. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.09.017 PubMed
- [31] Arthur S Walters. Sleep. 2024. Restless legs syndrome, neuroleptic-induced akathisia, and the iron opioid dopamine link. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae008 PubMed
- [32] Alessandra Burini et al.. Expert Rev Neurother. 2024. Current and emerging pharmaceutical strategies for the treatment and management of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2385947 PubMed
- [33] Sarah Hughes et al.. Healthcare (Basel). 2024. Intersecting Pathways: Treating Cocaine Withdrawal and Restless Leg Syndrome with Iron and Buproprion. doi:10.3390/healthcare12161570 PubMed
- [34] Hsin-Yu Chao et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2024. Sleep-related disorders in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101972 PubMed
- [35] Yasaman Safarpour et al.. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023. Restless Legs Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease- a Systematic Review. doi:10.5334/tohm.752 PubMed
- [36] Katie L J Cederberg et al.. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023. Vitamin D and Restless Legs Syndrome: A Review of Current Literature. doi:10.5334/tohm.741 PubMed
- [37] Lourdes M DelRosso et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2023. Restless Legs Syndrome and Restless Sleep Disorder in Children. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.01.008 PubMed
- [38] Sherifa Ahmed Hamed et al.. Int J Neurosci. 2023. Restless leg syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease: a hospital-based study from Upper Egypt. doi:10.1080/00207454.2021.1910256 PubMed
- [39] Prasanta Padhan et al.. Int J Rheum Dis. 2023. Restless leg syndrome in rheumatic conditions: Its prevalence and risk factors, a meta-analysis. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.14710 PubMed
- [40] Jacob L Edelson et al.. Sleep. 2023. The genetic etiology of periodic limb movement in sleep. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac121 PubMed
- [41] Hasan Turan et al.. Cureus. 2023. The Prevalence, Severity, and Predictive Factors of Restless Legs Syndrome in Pregnancy. doi:10.7759/cureus.44884 PubMed
- [42] Saud Alnaaim et al.. Cureus. 2023. The Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome Among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia. doi:10.7759/cureus.42883 PubMed
- [43] Milca A Morais et al.. Sleep Med. 2023. Effectiveness of exercise and pramipexole in the treatment of restless leg syndrome: Implications on the dopaminergic system and PTPRD. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.08.012 PubMed
- [44] Meena Khan. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2023. Restless Legs Syndrome and Other Common Sleep-Related Movement Disorders. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000001269 PubMed
- [45] Silvia Preciado et al.. Nutrients. 2023. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with a Ferulic Acid-Rich Bioactive Component of Wheat Bran in a Murine Model of Graft-Versus-Host Disease. doi:10.3390/nu15214582 PubMed
- [46] S Chenini et al.. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2023. Restless legs syndrome: From clinic to personalized medicine. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.009 PubMed
- [47] Budhima Nanayakkara et al.. Aust J Gen Pract. 2023. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.31128/AJGP-02-23-6722 PubMed
- [48] Keisuke Suzuki et al.. Brain Nerve. 2023. [Pharmacological Treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome]. doi:10.11477/mf.1416202378 PubMed
- [49] Duygu Seyhan Erdoğan et al.. Neurol Res. 2023. A cross-sectional study on restless legs syndrome (RLS) in polycythemia vera (PV): is iron deficiency the only culprit? doi:10.1080/01616412.2023.2257443 PubMed
- [50] Ashley E Benson et al.. Eur J Haematol. 2022. The incidence, complications, and treatment of iron deficiency in pregnancy. doi:10.1111/ejh.13870 PubMed
- [51] Andrei Vlasie et al.. Exp Ther Med. 2022. Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review). doi:10.3892/etm.2021.11108 PubMed
- [52] Christopher J Earley et al.. Exp Neurol. 2022. Brain-iron deficiency models of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114158 PubMed
- [53] C M Schröder et al.. Encephale. 2022. [Therapeutic approaches for sleep and rhythms disorders in children with ASD]. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.08.005 PubMed
- [54] Zhao Liu et al.. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022. Exploration of restless legs syndrome under the new concept: A review. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032324 PubMed
- [55] Vincent Beliveau et al.. Neuroimage Clin. 2022. Revisiting brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103024 PubMed
- [56] John W Winkelman. Chest. 2022. Treating Severe Refractory and Augmented Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2022.05.014 PubMed
- [57] Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez et al.. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022. Serum Trace Elements Concentrations in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.3390/antiox11020272 PubMed
- [58] Ana Mendes et al.. Sleep Sci. 2022. Possible etiologies of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a narrative review. doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220080 PubMed
- [59] Rosalia Silvestri et al.. Front Psychiatry. 2022. Behavioral sleep medicine-The need for harmonization of clinical best practice outcome measures in children and adolescents with intellectual or developmental … doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1003019 PubMed
- [60] Julien Beatrix et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022. Non-anemic iron deficiency: correlations between symptoms and iron status parameters. doi:10.1038/s41430-021-01047-5 PubMed
- [61] Yuan-Yang Lai et al.. Sleep. 2022. Striatal mechanism of the restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac110 PubMed
- [62] Sandra Iskandar et al.. Case Rep Crit Care. 2022. Does Dexmedetomidine Improve or Worsen Restless Leg Syndrome under Sedation: A Case Report and Extensive Review. doi:10.1155/2022/2447461 PubMed
- [63] Sajeda G Matar et al.. Neurologist. 2022. Restless Leg Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: A Narrative Review. doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000436 PubMed
- [64] Peter Nielsen. MMW Fortschr Med. 2022. [Restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency]. doi:10.1007/s15006-022-1868-x PubMed
- [65] Nuray Can Usta et al.. Neurologist. 2022. Restless Legs Syndrome and the Eyes: Spectral-Domain Optic Coherence Tomography Study. doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000423 PubMed
- [66] Mauro Manconi et al.. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00311-z PubMed
- [67] Thomas R Gossard et al.. Neurotherapeutics. 2021. Restless Legs Syndrome: Contemporary Diagnosis and Treatment. doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01019-4 PubMed
- [68] Sergi Ferré et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2021. Akathisia and Restless Legs Syndrome: Solving the Dopaminergic Paradox. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.012 PubMed
- [69] Salih Demir et al.. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2021. Restless Leg Syndrome and Sleep Disorders in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Relation with Anemia Parameters. doi:10.14712/18059694.2021.24 PubMed
- [70] Qing Lv et al.. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021. Pharmacologic Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.2174/1570159X19666201230150127 PubMed
- [71] Celia Garcia-Malo et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2021. Restless Legs Syndrome - Clinical Features. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.002 PubMed
- [72] Pan Chen et al.. Sleep. 2021. A potential role for zinc in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa236 PubMed
- [73] Rosalia Silvestri et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2021. Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.006 PubMed
- [74] Şule Aydin Türkoglu et al.. Int J Neurosci. 2021. Presynaptic inhibition in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1737048 PubMed
- [75] Laura M Botta P et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2021. Restless Legs Syndrome: Challenges to Treatment. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.003 PubMed
- [76] Anisha Garg et al.. Curr Diab Rep. 2021. Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations in Restless Legs Syndrome Complicated by Diabetic Neuropathy. doi:10.1007/s11892-021-01431-2 PubMed
- [77] Michael Bartl et al.. Nervenarzt. 2021. [Intravenous iron supplementation therapy Restless-Legs-Syndrome]. doi:10.1007/s00115-021-01096-y PubMed
- [78] Benjamin Elstrott et al.. Eur J Haematol. 2020. The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases. doi:10.1111/ejh.13345 PubMed
- [79] Mary V Seeman. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. Why Are Women Prone to Restless Legs Syndrome? doi:10.3390/ijerph17010368 PubMed
- [80] F Oliviero et al.. Reumatismo. 2020. Effect of an oral preparation containing hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydrolyzed collagen type II and hydrolyzed keratin on synovial fluid … doi:10.4081/reumatismo.2020.1272 PubMed
- [81] Galia V Anguelova et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2020. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.013 PubMed
- [82] Celia Garcia-Malo et al.. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2020. Restless Legs Syndrome and Other Common Sleep-Related Movement Disorders. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000886 PubMed
- [83] Akram Zarbalizadeh-Saed et al.. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020. Effect of Slow-Release Pellets of Selenium and Iodine on Performance and Some Blood Metabolites of Pregnant Moghani Ewes and Their … doi:10.1007/s12011-019-01853-w PubMed
- [84] Mohammad D Memon et al.. Cureus. 2020. Unraveling the Mysteries of Restless Leg Syndrome. doi:10.7759/cureus.10951 PubMed
- [85] G Vellieux et al.. Rev Med Interne. 2020. [Restless legs syndrome]. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2020.01.001 PubMed
- [86] Michael Bartl et al.. Nervenarzt. 2020. [Update on restless legs syndrome]. doi:10.1007/s00115-020-00997-8 PubMed
- [87] Malcolm Prentice et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020. Iodine and folate-essential for mothers to be. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30380-8 PubMed
- [88] Sherifa A Hamed. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019. Neurologic conditions and disorders of uremic syndrome of chronic kidney disease: presentations, causes, and treatment strategies. doi:10.1080/17512433.2019.1555468 PubMed
- [89] Sergi Ferré et al.. Neuroscientist. 2019. New Insights into the Neurobiology of Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1177/1073858418791763 PubMed
- [90] Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi et al.. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2019. Update on Restless Legs Syndrome: from Mechanisms to Treatment. doi:10.1007/s11910-019-0965-4 PubMed
- [91] Lynn M Trotti et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. Iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007834.pub3 PubMed
- [92] Giuseppe Lanza et al.. Adv Pharmacol. 2019. The neurophysiology of hyperarousal in restless legs syndrome: Hints for a role of glutamate/GABA. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2018.12.002 PubMed
- [93] Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2019. Neurochemical features of idiopathic restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.03.006 PubMed
- [94] Tomer Avni et al.. Eur J Intern Med. 2019. Iron supplementation for restless legs syndrome - A systematic review and meta-analysis. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2019.02.009 PubMed
- [95] Régis Lopez et al.. Sleep. 2019. Restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz027 PubMed
- [96] Lourdes DelRosso et al.. Adv Pharmacol. 2019. Treatment of pediatric restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2018.11.001 PubMed
- [97] Quinn W Wade et al.. Adv Pharmacol. 2019. Iron uptake at the blood-brain barrier is influenced by sex and genotype. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.02.005 PubMed
- [98] Emmanuel H During et al.. Drugs Aging. 2019. Drug Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in Older Adults. doi:10.1007/s40266-019-00698-1 PubMed
- [99] Sandeep K Riar et al.. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019. Restless Legs Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease: Is Iron or Inflammatory Status To Blame? doi:10.5664/jcsm.8028 PubMed
- [100] Stefano de Biase et al.. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019. Advancing synthetic therapies for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1654997 PubMed
- [101] Pan Chen et al.. Adv Pharmacol. 2019. Caenorhabditis elegans and its applicability to studies on restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2018.12.003 PubMed
- [102] Imad Ghorayeb. Adv Pharmacol. 2019. Idiopathic restless legs syndrome treatment: Progress and pitfalls? doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.004 PubMed
- [103] Francesca Casoni et al.. Adv Pharmacol. 2019. D3 receptor agonist efficacy in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.005 PubMed
- [104] Richard P Allen et al.. Sleep Med. 2018. Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an … doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1126 PubMed
- [105] Claudia Trenkwalder et al.. Lancet Neurol. 2018. Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30311-9 PubMed
- [106] Juliane Winkelmann et al.. Mov Disord. 2018. Treatment of restless legs syndrome: Evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice (Revised 2017)§. doi:10.1002/mds.27260 PubMed
- [107] Diego Garcia-Borreguero et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2018. Management of treatment failure in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.001 PubMed
- [108] Lorenz Latta et al.. Exp Eye Res. 2018. Human aniridia limbal epithelial cells lack expression of keratins K3 and K12. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2017.11.005 PubMed
- [109] Giovanni Rizzo et al.. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2018. Neuroimaging Applications in Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.012 PubMed
- [110] Galia V Anguelova et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2018. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.02.005 PubMed
- [111] N Limousin et al.. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2018. French consensus: Treatment of newly diagnosed restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.06.002 PubMed
- [112] L Leclair-Visonneau et al.. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2018. French Consensus: How to diagnose restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.06.001 PubMed
- [113] Hilary Howard et al.. Pediatr Ann. 2018. Restless Legs Syndrome in Children. doi:10.3928/19382359-20181114-02 PubMed
- [114] Pradeep C Bollu et al.. Mo Med. 2018. Sleep Medicine: Restless Legs Syndrome. PubMed
- [115] Benjamin A Smallheer. Nurs Clin North Am. 2018. Evaluation and Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in the Primary Care Environment. doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2018.04.010 PubMed
- [116] James R Connor et al.. Sleep Med. 2017. Iron and restless legs syndrome: treatment, genetics and pathophysiology. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.028 PubMed
- [117] Giovanni Rizzo et al.. Sleep Med. 2017. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.018 PubMed
- [118] Farhan H Khan et al.. J Neurol. 2017. Iron, dopamine, genetics, and hormones in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8431-1 PubMed
- [119] Giuseppe Lanza et al.. Sleep Med. 2017. Central and peripheral nervous system excitability in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.010 PubMed
- [120] Subhashie Wijemanne et al.. Pract Neurol. 2017. Restless Legs Syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis and a practical approach to management. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2017-001762 PubMed
- [121] Ying-Shan Piao et al.. Sci Rep. 2017. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson disease: Clinical characteristics, abnormal iron metabolism and altered neurotransmitters. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10593-7 PubMed
- [122] Niloufar Zadeh Saraji et al.. J Renal Inj Prev. 2017. Restless leg syndrome in chronic hemodialysis patients in Mashhad hemodialysis centers. doi:10.15171/jrip.2017.27 PubMed
- [123] Daniel L Picchietti. Sleep Med. 2017. Should oral iron be first-line therapy for pediatric restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder? doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.005 PubMed
- [124] Deepa Burman. FP Essent. 2017. Sleep Disorders: Restless Legs Syndrome. PubMed
- [125] İrfan Ozer et al.. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017. A prospective case control questionnaire study for restless leg syndrome on 600 pregnant women. doi:10.3109/14767058.2016.1170801 PubMed
- [126] Samir Kumar Praharaj. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2017. Bupropion and Iron for Restless Leg Syndrome: Do They Have Efficacy Similar to Ropinirole? doi:10.4103/0972-2327.205775 PubMed
- [127] Diego Garcia-Borreguero et al.. Sleep Med. 2016. Guidelines for the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease, prevention and treatment of dopaminergic augmentation: a combined task force … doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.01.017 PubMed
- [128] Claudia Trenkwalder et al.. Neurology. 2016. Restless legs syndrome associated with major diseases: A systematic review and new concept. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002542 PubMed
- [129] R Gupta et al.. Acta Neurol Scand. 2016. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: prevalence, possible pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment. doi:10.1111/ane.12520 PubMed
- [130] Lisa Klingelhoefer et al.. Clin Med (Lond). 2016. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-4-379 PubMed
- [131] Roshanak Hasheminasab Zaware et al.. Nephrourol Mon. 2016. Insomnia and Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis in Rafsanjan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital. doi:10.5812/numonthly.29527 PubMed
- [132] Renfu Quan et al.. Cytotechnology. 2016. Culture and characterization of rat hair follicle stem cells. doi:10.1007/s10616-014-9807-z PubMed
- [133] Ashutosh Singh et al.. Transfus Apher Sci. 2016. Importance of donor history of restless leg syndrome and pica to asses iron deficiency. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2015.09.002 PubMed
- [134] Mehmet Kolukisa et al.. Ideggyogy Sz. 2016. Restless Leg Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in women with iron deficiency anemia. doi:10.18071/isz.69.0356 PubMed
- [135] Jana Zímová et al.. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2016. Trichotillomania: Bizzare Patern of Hair Loss at 11-Year-old Girl. PubMed
- [136] Adel Eftekhari et al.. J Renal Inj Prev. 2016. Predictive factors of restless leg syndrome in hemodialysis patients. doi:10.15171/jrip.2016.19 PubMed
- [137] Bettina Wurzinger et al.. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2016. [Iron deficiency, Fatigue and Restless-Legs-Syndrome]. doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0497-3 PubMed
- [138] Andrew J Ghio. Biometals. 2016. Asthma as a disruption in iron homeostasis. doi:10.1007/s10534-016-9948-y PubMed
- [139] Richard P Allen. Sleep Med Clin. 2015. Restless Leg Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease Pathophysiology. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.022 PubMed
- [140] Subhashie Wijemanne et al.. Sleep Med. 2015. Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.002 PubMed
- [141] Mariusz Sieminski et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2015. Restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.002 PubMed
- [142] Narong Simakajornboon et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2015. Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease and Growing Pains in Children and Adolescents. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.014 PubMed
- [143] Federica Provini et al.. Sleep Med Clin. 2015. Neuroimaging in Restless Legs Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.006 PubMed
- [144] Saiprakash B Venkateshiah et al.. Crit Care Clin. 2015. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2015.03.003 PubMed
- [145] Sudhansu Chokroverty. Sleep Med Clin. 2015. Differential Diagnoses of Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease: Mimics and Comorbidities. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.021 PubMed
- [146] Hasan Terzi et al.. Sleep Breath. 2015. Restless legs syndrome is related to obstructive sleep apnea symptoms during pregnancy. doi:10.1007/s11325-014-0964-2 PubMed
- [147] Hirokuni Tagaya et al.. Nihon Rinsho. 2015. [Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder (circadian rhythm sleep disorder)]. PubMed
- [148] Élisabeth Ruppert et al.. Rev Prat. 2015. [RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME--WILLIS-EKBOM DISEASE]. PubMed
- [149] Birgit Högl et al.. Mov Disord. 2015. Therapeutic advances in restless legs syndrome (RLS). doi:10.1002/mds.26381 PubMed
- [150] Christopher J Earley et al.. Sleep Med. 2014. Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.009 PubMed
- [151] Prachaya Srivanitchapoom et al.. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: a review. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.03.027 PubMed
- [152] Tahir Mehmood et al.. Sleep Med. 2014. Response to intravenous iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and restless leg syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.08.012 PubMed
- [153] France Woimant et al.. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014. Disorders of heavy metals. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00057-7 PubMed
- [154] Behzad Einollahi et al.. Nephrourol Mon. 2014. Restless leg syndrome: a neglected diagnosis. doi:10.5812/numonthly.22009 PubMed
- [155] Vasiliki Katsi et al.. Med Sci Monit. 2014. The association of Restless Legs Syndrome with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. doi:10.12659/MSM.890252 PubMed
- [156] Christopher J Earley. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014. Latest guidelines and advances for treatment of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.4088/JCP.12074nr3c PubMed
- [157] Beatriz Elizabeth Carmona Toro. J Neurosci Nurs. 2014. New treatment options for the management of restless leg syndrome. doi:10.1097/JNN.0000000000000068 PubMed
- [158] Louella B Amos et al.. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014. Treatment of pediatric restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1177/0009922813507997 PubMed
- [159] Bryan R Spencer et al.. Transfusion. 2013. Restless legs syndrome, pica, and iron status in blood donors. doi:10.1111/trf.12260 PubMed
- [160] Katrin Gade et al.. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2013. Uremic restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep quality in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: potential role of homocysteine … doi:10.1159/000355727 PubMed
- [161] Mehmet Yücel et al.. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013. Migraine and restless leg syndrome co-morbidity may be due to iron deficiency. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.116956 PubMed
- [162] Leonard B Weinstock et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2012. Restless legs syndrome--theoretical roles of inflammatory and immune mechanisms. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.09.003 PubMed
- [163] Lynn M Trotti et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. Iron for restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007834.pub2 PubMed
- [164] Stefano de Biase et al.. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012. ADMET considerations for restless leg syndrome drug treatments. doi:10.1517/17425255.2012.708023 PubMed
- [165] Richard E Allen et al.. Am Fam Physician. 2012. Nocturnal leg cramps. PubMed
- [166] Dinesh Yadav et al.. Indian J Pediatr. 2011. Iron deficiency: beyond anemia. doi:10.1007/s12098-010-0129-7 PubMed
- [167] Lynn Marie Trotti et al.. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00047-1 PubMed
- [168] Claudia Trenkwalder et al.. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.55 PubMed
- [169] Matthew A Picchietti et al.. Sleep Med. 2010. Advances in pediatric restless legs syndrome: Iron, genetics, diagnosis and treatment. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.11.014 PubMed
- [170] Michael Auerbach. Sleep Med. 2010. Finding a safe and effective intravenous iron treatment for restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.01.003 PubMed
- [171] Rachel E Salas et al.. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010. Update in restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833bcdd8 PubMed
- [172] Jose Carlos Pereira et al.. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010. Imbalance between thyroid hormones and the dopaminergic system might be central to the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome: a hypothesis. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322010000500013 PubMed
- [173] Karl Ekbom et al.. J Intern Med. 2009. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02159.x PubMed
- [174] Ilya V Kublanov et al.. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009. Biodiversity of thermophilic prokaryotes with hydrolytic activities in hot springs of Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka (Russia). doi:10.1128/AEM.00607-08 PubMed
- [175] Ashraf S A El-Sayed. J Basic Microbiol. 2009. L-methioninase production by Aspergillus flavipes under solid-state fermentation. doi:10.1002/jobm.200800318 PubMed
- [176] Francesca Brindani et al.. Clin Interv Aging. 2009. Restless legs syndrome: differential diagnosis and management with pramipexole. doi:10.2147/cia.s4143 PubMed
- [177] Yasunori Oka et al.. Brain Nerve. 2009. [Secondary restless legs syndrome]. PubMed
- [178] Arthur S Walters et al.. Sleep. 2009. Review of the relationship of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep to hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. doi:10.1093/sleep/32.5.589 PubMed
- [179] Narong Simakajornboon et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2009. Diagnosis and management of restless legs syndrome in children. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.002 PubMed
- [180] Claudia Trenkwalder et al.. Mov Disord. 2008. Treatment of restless legs syndrome: an evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice. doi:10.1002/mds.22254 PubMed
- [181] Gisele Zandman-Goddard et al.. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008. Hyperferritinemia in autoimmunity. PubMed
- [182] Bruno Santos et al.. Acta Med Port. 2008. [Restless legs syndrome]. PubMed
- [183] Max Bayard et al.. Am Fam Physician. 2008. Restless legs syndrome. PubMed
- [184] Pankaj Satija et al.. CNS Drugs. 2008. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. doi:10.2165/00023210-200822060-00004 PubMed
- [185] James R Connor. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008. Pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome: evidence for iron involvement. doi:10.1007/s11910-008-0026-x PubMed
- [186] Lynn Marie Trotti et al.. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008. An update on the pathophysiology and genetics of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1007/s11910-008-0044-8 PubMed
- [187] Margaret A Fitzgerald. Nurse Pract. 2008. Restless leg syndrome: iron important. doi:10.1097/01.NPR.0000314748.88045.12 PubMed
- [188] Rajiv Agarwal. Am J Nephrol. 2007. Nonhematological benefits of iron. doi:10.1159/000107927 PubMed
- [189] Walter Paulus et al.. Mov Disord. 2007. Update of the pathophysiology of the restless-legs-syndrome. doi:10.1002/mds.21824 PubMed
- [190] W G Ondo et al.. Sleep Med. 2007. Animal models of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.010 PubMed
- [191] Richard P Allen. Am J Med. 2007. Controversies and challenges in defining the etiology and pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.11.003 PubMed
- [192] Wayne Hening et al.. Geriatrics. 2007. Restless legs syndrome: demographics, presentation, and differential diagnosis. PubMed
- [193] Daniel Picchietti. Sleep Med. 2007. Is iron deficiency an underlying cause of pediatric restless legs syndrome and of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.06.007 PubMed
- [194] Lyn R Patrick. Altern Med Rev. 2007. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology and the role of iron and folate. PubMed
- [195] Eric Konofal et al.. Sleep Med. 2007. Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.04.022 PubMed
- [196] U Mirastschijski et al.. Br J Dermatol. 2006. Epithelial regeneration from bioengineered skin explants in culture. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06997.x PubMed
- [197] Melody Ryan et al.. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.2146/ajhp060031 PubMed
- [198] K Ray Chaudhuri. Sleep Med. 2006. Iron and restless legs syndrome: the story unfolds. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.03.010 PubMed
- [199] Pascale Vergne-Salle et al.. Joint Bone Spine. 2006. Is restless legs syndrome underrecognized? Current management. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.03.012 PubMed
- [200] Claudia Trenkwalder et al.. Lancet Neurol. 2005. The restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70139-3 PubMed
- [201] G Barrière et al.. Prog Neurobiol. 2005. The restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.10.007 PubMed
- [202] William G Ondo. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2005. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1007/s11910-005-0071-7 PubMed
- [203] William G Ondo. Neurol Clin. 2005. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2005.05.003 PubMed
- [204] Patricia J Neafsey. Home Healthc Nurse. 2005. Role of medications in the etiology and treatment of restless leg syndrome. doi:10.1097/00004045-200504000-00003 PubMed
- [205] Ilia Itin et al.. Prim Care. 2005. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2005.02.008 PubMed
- [206] Birgit Högl et al.. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000168240.76724.da PubMed
- [207] Richard Allen. Sleep Med. 2004. Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS). doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2004.01.012 PubMed
- [208] M Manconi et al.. Neurology. 2004. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000138427.83574.a6 PubMed
- [209] Suresh Kotagal et al.. Ann Neurol. 2004. Childhood-onset restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1002/ana.20292 PubMed
- [210] Luiza Jonczak et al.. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2004. [Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea]. PubMed
- [211] Marco Zucconi et al.. Sleep Med. 2004. Epidemiology and clinical findings of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2004.01.004 PubMed
- [212] Zhong Jiang et al.. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004. P504S immunostaining boosts diagnostic resolution of "suspicious" foci in prostatic needle biopsy specimens. doi:10.1309/7T7R-JCCL-84JG-XH3L PubMed
- [213] Diego Garcia-Borreguero et al.. Neurology. 2003. Restless legs syndrome and PD: a review of the evidence for a possible association. doi:10.1212/wnl.61.6_suppl_3.s49 PubMed
- [214] Björn Wito Walther. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002. Treating restless legs syndrome: current pathophysiological concepts and clinical trials. doi:10.1517/13543784.11.4.501 PubMed
- [215] Shawn A Milligan et al.. Drugs Aging. 2002. Restless legs syndrome in the older adult: diagnosis and management. doi:10.2165/00002512-200219100-00003 PubMed
- [216] B L Grimaldi. Med Hypotheses. 2002. The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating … doi:10.1054/mehy.2001.1447 PubMed
- [217] Jean Krieger et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 2001. Iron, brain and restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0156 PubMed
- [218] M M Clark. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2001. Restless legs syndrome. PubMed
- [219] R P Allen et al.. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001. Restless legs syndrome: a review of clinical and pathophysiologic features. doi:10.1097/00004691-200103000-00004 PubMed
- [220] C J Earley et al.. J Neurosci Res. 2000. Insight into the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1002/1097-4547(20001201)62:5<623::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-H PubMed
- [221] R M Rijsman et al.. Sleep Med Rev. 1999. Secondary periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome. doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(99)90021-7 PubMed
- [222] V G Evidente et al.. Postgrad Med. 1999. How to help patients with restless legs syndrome. Discerning the indescribable and relaxing the restless. doi:10.3810/pgm.1999.03.597 PubMed
- [223] E R Sun et al.. Sleep. 1998. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. PubMed
- [224] M H Silber. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997. Restless legs syndrome. doi:10.4065/72.3.261 PubMed
- [225] W Biernat et al.. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996. Carcinosarcoma of the skin. Case report and literature review. doi:10.1097/00000372-199612000-00012 PubMed
- [226] E Olsen et al.. Electrophoresis. 1995. Identification of proteins that are abnormally regulated in differentiated cultured human keratinocytes. doi:10.1002/elps.11501601356 PubMed
- [227] B R Krueger. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990. Restless legs syndrome and periodic movements of sleep. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65163-5 PubMed
- [228] T J Murray. Can Med Assoc J. 1967. The restless leg syndrome. PubMed
FDA 免责声明: 这些声明未经美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)评估。本网站上的产品和信息无意用于诊断、治疗、治愈或预防任何疾病。所展示的证据等级基于我们对已发表的同行评审研究的分析,不构成医疗建议。在开始任何补充剂方案之前,请务必咨询您的医疗保健提供者。