Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep.

Oliviero Bruni, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Elena Giacomoni, Paolo Pellegrino

Systematic Review Nutrients 2021 85 उद्धरण

<\/script>\n

`; }, get iframeSnippet() { const domain = 'sleepcited.com'; const params = 'pmid\u003D33561990'; return ``; }, get activeSnippet() { return this.method === 'script' ? this.scriptSnippet : this.iframeSnippet; }, copySnippet() { navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.activeSnippet).then(() => { this.copied = true; setTimeout(() => { this.copied = false; }, 2000); }); } }" @keydown.escape.window="open = false" @click.outside="open = false">

Embed This Widget

Style

Widget powered by . Free, no account required.

Study Design

अध्ययन प्रकार: Systematic Review

हस्तक्षेप: Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep.
तुलनित्र: Placebo
प्रभाव की दिशा: Positive
पूर्वाग्रह का जोखिम: Unclear

Abstract

Sleep is an essential component of physical and emotional well-being, and lack, or disruption, of sleep due to insomnia is a highly prevalent problem. The interest in complementary and alternative medicines for treating or preventing insomnia has increased recently. Centuries-old herbal treatments, popular for their safety and effectiveness, include valerian, passionflower, lemon balm, lavender, and Californian poppy. These herbal medicines have been shown to reduce sleep latency and increase subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. Research into their molecular components revealed that their sedative and sleep-promoting properties rely on interactions with various neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a major role in controlling different vigilance states. GABA receptors are the targets of many pharmacological treatments for insomnia, such as benzodiazepines. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of studies assessing the mechanisms of action of various herbal medicines on different subtypes of GABA receptors in the context of sleep control. Currently available evidence suggests that herbal extracts may exert some of their hypnotic and anxiolytic activity through interacting with GABA receptors and modulating GABAergic signaling in the brain, but their mechanism of action in the treatment of insomnia is not completely understood.

Full Text

PDF

Loading PDF...

Figures

Figure 4

Herbal compounds and their potential interactions with the GABAergic system are depicted in the context of sleep regulation, drawing from centuries-old traditional remedies for insomnia.

diagram

Tables

Table 1

Latin and Common Name	Known Chemical Components	Known Effect on Sleep	Target	Model	References
	Individual Plants
Valeriana officinalis L.(Valerian)	Alkaloids, terpenes, organic acids and their derivatives, valepotriates, and flavones	Reduces sleep latency, improves subjective measures	GABA_A receptor	In vitro studies; clinical studies	[47,48,49,50,51]
Magnolia sp.	Magnolol and honokiol	Promotes REM sleep	GABA_A receptor	In vitro studies; i.p. administration in mice	[52,53,54]
Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.) Baill.(Chinese magnolia-vine, Magnolia berry)	Schizandrin B	Promotes sleep	GABA_A receptor	i.p. administration in mice and male rats	[55,56,57]
Artemisia sp.	Benzodiazepines	Reduces sleep latency	GABA_A receptor	In vitro studies; i.p. administration in male mice	[58,59]
Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn.(Lotus)	Nuciferine, alkaloids	Promotes sleep	GABA_A receptor	In vitro studies	[60]
Moringa oleiferaLam.(Drumstick tree)	Oleic acid, β-Sitosterol, and Stigmasterol	Increases sleep quality	GABA_A receptor	p.o. administration in male mice	[61]
Piper methysticum L.(Kava-kava)	Kavapyrones	Decreases sleep latency; no effect on NREM sleep	GABA_A receptor (not benzodiazepine site)	p.o. administration in mice	[62]
Zizyphus jujube(Jujube, or red date)	Sanjoinine A, suanzaorentang	Improves sleep quality, prolonging sleep time and increasing NREM sleep	GABA_A receptor; activation of GABA synthesis through enhanced expression of GAD; serotonin receptors	i.p. and p.o. administration in male rats	[63,64]
Passiflora incarnata(Passionflower)	Apigenin, alkaloids, flavones	Reduces sleep latency, increases sleep duration	GABA_A and GABA_B receptors, (and possibly GABA_C receptor)	In vitro studies; p.o. administration in mice	[65,66]
Withania somnifera L.(Indian ginseng)	Withanolide A, withaferin A	Reduces sleep latency, improves sleep quality	GABA_A and GABA_C receptors	In vitro studies; clinical studies	[67,68]
Eschscholzia californica Cham.(Californian poppy)	Alkaloids	Improves sleep latency and duration	GABA_A receptor; serotonin receptor	In vitro studies	[69]
Polygala tenuifoliaWilld.(Yuan Zhi)	Tenufolin	Increases sleep duration	Increases the levels of GABA and GABA transporter 1	Zebrafish and rats	[70,71]
Melissa officinalis L.(Lemon balm)	Rosmarinic acid	Improves sleep quality	Decreases the level of GABA transaminase	In vitro studies; i.p. administration in mice	[72]
Ginkgo biloba L.(Ginkgo)	Ginkgotoxin, flavonoids, terpenoids	Improves subjective sleep quality measures	Inhibition of GAD activity	Clinical studies	[73]
Hypericum perforatum L.(St John’s Wort)	Hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperoside, among others	Increases REM latency and deep sleep	Inhibition of GAD and GABA transporter activity	Clinical studies	[74]
Citrus aurantium L.(bitter orange)	Limonene, β-myrcene	Increases sleep duration	Serotonergic system; proposed interaction with GABA receptor binders, such as diazepam	p.o administration in male mice	[75]
Plant mixes
Yokukansan(Atractylodes lancea rhizoma, Poria sclerotium, Cnidium rhizoma, Japanese Angelica radix, Bupleurum radix, Glycyrrhiza radix, and Uncaria thorn)	Various	Decreases sleep latency, improves dream content in the REM behavior disorder	GABA_A receptor	p.o. administration in male mice; clinical studies	[76,77]
Suanzaorentang, a traditional Chinese medicine	Various	Increases NREM, no effect on REM sleep	GABA_A receptor; serotonergic system	Clinical studies	[64,78]