Which Sleep Supplements
Actually Work?

Withanolides modulate GABA-A receptors and reduce cortisol; triethylene glycol (TEG) identified as sleep-inducing component.

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; oral GABA may act on peripheral/enteric nervous system to reduce arousal.

Acts on NMDA receptors in SCN to lower core body temperature; also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in brainstem.

Crosses BBB and increases alpha brain wave activity; boosts GABA, serotonin, and dopamine without sedation.

GABA receptor agonist and NMDA antagonist; glycinate form provides calming glycine co-benefit for sleep.

Endogenous hormone that binds MT1/MT2 receptors in the SCN, regulating circadian rhythm and sleep onset.

Anxiety-Related Sleep Problems

70-80% of anxiety disorder patients report sleep problems

Circadian Rhythm Disorder

0.13-0.17% delayed sleep phase; higher in adolescents

Insomnia

10-15% chronic insomnia; 30-35% occasional symptoms

Restless Leg Syndrome

5-10% of adults; 2-3% have clinically significant symptoms

Sleep Maintenance Insomnia

More common in older adults; affects ~15% of population

Sleep Onset Difficulty

15-20% of adults report difficulty falling asleep