The Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome Among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia.

Saud Alnaaim, Fatimah Alghirash, Abdulelah Alenzi, Mohammad Owaidh Abu Zahirah, Thekra Tashari et al.

Other Cureus 2023 3 인용

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Study Design

연구 유형: Cross-sectional
표본 크기: 459

중재: The Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome Among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia. None
대조군: Placebo
효과 방향: Positive
비뚤림 위험: Moderate

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy has been associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS). RLS is underdiagnosed in most countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of RLS among Saudi pregnant women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 459 pregnant women from all Saudi provinces between December 2022 and March 2023. A structured online questionnaire assessing demographic and pregnancy characteristics, medical conditions, sleep quality, and RLS symptoms was conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of RLS was 26.6% among the participants. Calcium deficiency was significantly associated with RLS (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-3.9, p=0.01), but there was no significant association between RLS and vitamin D and iron deficiencies (p>0.05), according to multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Moreover, RLS increased the risk of insomnia and frequent waking up (adjusted OR=4.95, 95% CI=2.50-9.83, p<0.001, and adjusted OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.55-5.32, p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: RLS is common among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. The study indicates that RLS during pregnancy is linked to calcium deficiency and negatively affects sleep quality.

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Tables

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristic	Frequency (%) (N=459)
Age (years)
18-25	112 (24.4%)
26-35	221 (48.1%)
36-45	116 (25.3%)
More than 45	10 (2.2%)
Educational level
Not educated	4 (0.9%)
Primary school	6 (1.3%)
Intermediate school	28 (6.1%)
Secondary school	71 (15.3%)
University or higher	350 (76.3%)
Smoker
No	431 (93.9%)
Yes	28 (6.1%)
Chronic disorder
No	400 (87.1%)
Yes	59 (12.9%)
Psychiatric disorder
No	428 (93.2%)
Yes	31 (6.8%)
Pregnancy phase
First trimester	106 (23.1%)
Second trimester	172 (37.5%)
Third trimester	181 (39.4%)
Having insomnia
No	254 (55.3%)
Yes	205 (44.7%)
Frequent waking up during the night
No	288 (62.7%)
Yes	171( 37.3%)
Pregnancy frequency
First time	164 (35.8%)
2-5 times	255 (55.7%)
More than five times	39 (8.5%)
Diagnosis
Preeclampsia/eclampsia	15 (3.3%)
Gestational diabetes	47 (10.2%)
Vitamin D deficiency	117 (25.5%)
Calcium deficiency	86 (18.7%)
Iron deficiency	153 (33.3%)

Table 2

Number of fulfilled IRLSSG diagnostic criteria	Frequency	Percentage
No criteria have been met	129	28.1%
Only one criterion	32	7%
Two criteria	27	5.9%
Three criteria	64	13.9%
Four criteria	85	18.5%
Five criteria*	122	26.6%

Table 3

Sociodemographic characteristic	Pregnant with RLS		p-value*
Sociodemographic characteristic	Yes (frequency (%))	No (frequency (%))	p-value*
Age (years)
18-25	22 (18%)	90 (26.7%)	NS
26-35	58 (47.5%)	163 (48.4%)
36-45	37 (30.3%)	79 (23.4%)
More than 45	5 (4.2%)	5 (1.5%)
Educational level
Not educated	0 (0%)	4 (1.2%)	NS
Primary school	1 (0.8%)	5 (1.5%)
Intermediate school	5 (4.1%)	23 (6.8%)
Secondary school	21 (17.2%)	50 (14.8%)
University or higher	95 (77.9%)	255 (75.7%)
Smoker
No	114 (93.4%)	317 (94.1%)	NS
Yes	8 (6.6%)	20 (5.9%)	NS
Chronic disorder
No	113 (92.6%)	315 (93.5%)	NS
Yes	9 (7.4%)	22 (6.5%)	NS
Psychiatric disorder
No	106 (86.9%)	294 (87.2%)	NS
Yes	16 (13.1%)	43 (12.8%)	NS
Suffering from insomnia
No	20 (16.4%)	234 (69.4%)	<0.001*
Yes	102 (83.6%)	103 (30.6%)	<0.001*
Frequent waking up during the night
No	31 (25.4%)	257 (76.3%)	<0.001*
Yes	91 (74.6%)	80 (23.7%)	<0.001*
Pregnancy frequency
First time	36 (29.5%)	128 (38.1%)	0.04*
2-5 times	70 (57.4%)	185 (55.1%)
More than five times	16 (13.1%)	23 (6.8%)
Pregnancy phase
First trimester	22 (18%)	84 (24.9%)	NS
Second trimester	44 (36.1%)	128 (38%)
Third trimester	56 (45.9%)	125 (37.1%)
Preeclampsia
No	117 (95.9%)	327 (97%)	NS
Yes	5 (4.1%)	10 (3%)	NS
Gestational diabetes
No	108 (88.5%)	304 (90.2%)	NS
Yes	14 (11.5%)	33 (9.8%)	NS
Vitamin D deficiency
No	78 (63.9%)	264 (78.3%)	0.002*
Yes	44 (36.1%)	73 (21.7%)	0.002*
Calcium deficiency
No	81 (66.4%)	292 (86.6%)	<0.001*
Yes	41 (33.6%)	45 (13.4%)	<0.001*
Iron deficiency
No	65 (53.3%)	241 (71.5%)	<0.001*
Yes	57 (46.7%)	96 (28.5%)	<0.001*

Table 4

Predicted variable	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
Pregnancy frequency
First time	Reference
2-5 times	1.16	0.67-2	NS
More than five times	1.87	0.77-4.52	NS
Vitamin D deficiency
No	Reference
Yes	0.98	0.56-1.77	NS
Calcium deficiency
No	Reference
Yes	2.16	1.2-3.9	0.01*
Iron deficiency
No	Reference
Yes	1.27	0.76-2.11	NS

Table 5

RLS (predicted variable)	Suffering from insomnia			Frequent waking up during the night
RLS (predicted variable)	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
Without	Reference			Reference
With	4.95	2.50-9.83	<0.001*	2.87	1.55-5.32	0.001*

References

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Used In Evidence Reviews

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A 비타민 D 관련 불면증

The Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome Among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia.

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