Ingredients

Withanolides modulate GABA-A receptors and reduce cortisol; triethylene glycol (TEG) identified as sleep-inducing component.

Eugenol and other phytochemicals modulate cortisol, reduce anxiety via GABAergic mechanisms for sleep support.

Facilitates ammonia detoxification via the urea cycle; reduces cortisol through HPA axis modulation; may reduce stress-induced hyperarousal that impairs sleep.

Activates GABA-A and glycine receptors as an inhibitory neuromodulator; reduces glutamate excitotoxicity; modulates calcium signaling in neurons; supports melatonin synthesis.

Direct serotonin precursor that crosses BBB; serotonin is converted to melatonin in the pineal gland.

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; oral GABA may act on peripheral/enteric nervous system to reduce arousal.

Acts on NMDA receptors in SCN to lower core body temperature; also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in brainstem.

Crosses BBB and increases alpha brain wave activity; boosts GABA, serotonin, and dopamine without sedation.

Essential amino acid precursor to serotonin and melatonin via tryptophan hydroxylase and AADC pathway.

Modulates endocannabinoid system; anxiolytic via 5-HT1A receptor agonism may reduce sleep-onset anxiety.

DHA is incorporated into neuronal membranes affecting serotonin signaling; anti-inflammatory effects support sleep.

Potent GABA-A benzodiazepine-site agonist; inhibits CD38 enzyme, increasing NAD+ for circadian regulation.

Natural melatonin source (13.46 ng/g); proanthocyanidins inhibit IDO, increasing tryptophan bioavailability.

Protopine and allocryptopine bind GABA-A and opioid receptors; californidine inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT); mild analgesic and anxiolytic effects.

Apigenin binds GABA-A benzodiazepine receptors as a mild anxiolytic; reduces sleep latency via anxiolysis.

2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (hop degradation product) modulates GABA-A receptors; bitter acids (humulone, lupulone) contribute to melatonin receptor activation in vitro.

Jujuboside A modulates GABA-A receptor activity; spinosin enhances serotonergic signaling; flavonoids provide anxiolytic effects that reduce pre-sleep arousal.

Kavalactones (kavain, methysticin) enhance GABA-A receptor binding; block voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels; reduce norepinephrine reuptake for anxiolysis.

Linalool and linalyl acetate modulate GABA-A receptors and reduce sympathetic arousal; primarily aromatherapeutic.

Rosmarinic acid inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing synaptic GABA; also modulates nicotinic receptors.

Honokiol is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors; magnolol activates cannabinoid receptors.

Chrysin and other flavonoids bind GABA-A receptors (benzodiazepine site); increases total GABA levels.

Crocin and safranal modulate serotonin reuptake and GABA-A receptor activity; antioxidant carotenoids reduce neuroinflammation; BDNF modulation supports mood-sleep axis.

Baicalin and scutellarein bind GABA-A receptor benzodiazepine site; flavonoids inhibit glutamate release; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects.

Valerenic acid inhibits GABA breakdown (GABA transaminase inhibitor); isovaleric acid is a partial GABA-A agonist.

Endogenous hormone that binds MT1/MT2 receptors in the SCN, regulating circadian rhythm and sleep onset.

Required for dopamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor); iron deficiency is the primary cause of RLS.

GABA receptor agonist and NMDA antagonist; glycinate form provides calming glycine co-benefit for sleep.

Crosses blood-brain barrier to elevate brain Mg2+; modulates NMDA receptor excitability; enhances synaptic density in prefrontal cortex; reduces neuronal hyperexcitability.

Modulates GABA and glutamate neurotransmission; zinc deficiency is associated with disrupted circadian rhythm.

Triterpenes (ganoderic acids) modulate GABAergic neurotransmission; polysaccharides support immune-mediated sleep regulation.

Blunts cortisol response to stress via HPA axis modulation; reduces evening cortisol for sleep facilitation.

Coenzyme for AADC (converts 5-HTP to serotonin) and glutamate decarboxylase (produces GABA from glutamate).

VDR receptors expressed in brainstem sleep-regulating regions; deficiency linked to shorter sleep duration.