Topical application of medicinal plant oils in pediatric-related disorders: A comparative review article based on traditional Persian medicine.

Maryam Mohammadian-Dameski, AhmadShah Farhat, Maliheh Motavasselian, Vahid Reza Askari

Review Avicenna journal of phytomedicine 2025

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Study Design

Jenis Studi: review

Intervensi: Topical application of medicinal plant oils in pediatric-related disorders: A comparative review article based on traditional Persian medicine. various medicinal plant oils (topical application)
Pembanding: Placebo
Arah Efek: Positive
Risiko Bias: Unclear

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Researchers have considered medicinal oils to prevent and treat pediatric diseases. In the traditional Persian medicine (TPM) doctrine, anointment is widely used in order to avoid and treat diseases. This study aimed to evaluate and reconcile the uses of anointment in children in TPM and the new studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Accordingly, TPM documents were scrutinized for anointments and their applications in pediatric disorders. Moreover, new studies were reviewed in Google scholar, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science until June 2022. RESULTS: In the health preservation field, TPM scholars have recommended daily anointment with some oils like sweet almonds in the early months after birth to improve growth, strengthen the body, and prevent dry skin, and new studies have confirmed the effectiveness of some oils accordingly. In the treatment field, various oils are recommended, namely sweet almond oil for weight disorders, violet oil for insomnia, olive oil and chamomile oil for functional constipation, infantile colic and enuresis, and olive oil for diaper rash and atopic dermatitis and new studies have shown their effectiveness. Sweet almond, chamomile, violet, olive, and rose oils are among the most widely used oils in Persian medicine for children, which we have discussed in this study. CONCLUSION: Due to the non-invasive nature of anointment and the observation of minimal adverse effects in studies, it can be given attention for maintaining pediatric health and treating their diseases.

Full Text

Figures

Figure 1

Comparative overview of medicinal plant oils used in traditional Persian medicine for topical application in pediatric disorders, organized by condition and formulation type.

diagram

Tables

Table 1

oil name	Persian medicine
Sweet almond oil	health protection: massaging girl neonates treatment: Insomnia, teething pain in infants, dry cough, dry skin, dry nose, hair loss due to dry skin, and thinning due to dryness of mizaj (Aghili, 2006, 2009; Ibn-e Elyas, 2003; Nazem Jahan, 2008; Shaharzani, 2007; yousefi heravi, 2004)
Chamomile oil	treatment: swelling from cold, teething pain in infants, muscle and visceral pain, hair loss due to narrow pores or dry skin, runny nose and thick post-nasal discharge, cold headache, urinary retention, urinary incontinence from cold, and laxity of the bladder (Aghili, 2009; Ibn-e Elyas, 2003; Ibn-e Nafiss, 2008; Nazem Jahan, 2008)
Violet oil	health protection: massaging girl neonates, nail health protectiontreatment: insomnia, teething pain in infants, dry cough, hair loss due to lack of nutrients, dry organs and joints, headache, dry skin, dry nose, runny nose, and burning and thin post nasal discharge (Aghili, 2006, 2009; Ibn-e Elyas, 2003; Nazem Jahan, 2008)
Olive oil	health protection: umbilical cord caretreatment: tonify gums, teeth, and other organs, reduce pain, teething pain in infants, wound healing, laxative, elimination of infection, treatment of seborrhea and scabies, weight loss due to poor food absorption by organs (Aghili, 2006, 2009; Varaei S, 2019)
Rossa damascene oil:	Treatment: tonify organs, teething pain in infants, pain relief, insomnia, mouth ulcers, and nausea (Aghili, 2006, 2009; Ibn-e Sina, 2005)

Table 2

Oil name	Authors and year of publication	Application and result	Oil dose and duration of use	Compared to	Type of oil	number of patients enrolled in treatment and placebo groups
Sweet almond(Amygdalus communis - Prunus communis)	(Vaivre‐Douret et al., 2009)	enhanced weight gain and neurological development, and a shorter stay in the hospital in both groups of oils (almond and ISIO4)	15 min, twice per day,For 10 days,Mix with a vegetable emollient	ISIO4 oil (the combination of 4 seed oils: rapeseed oil, extra virgin olive oil, sunflower oil, grape seed oil), placebo and control	Not mentioned	almond oil (n=12)ISIO4 oil (n=12)placebo (n=12)control (n=13)
	(Caglar et al., 2020)	better stratum corneum hydration in the sunflower seed oil (SSO) and almond oil (AO) groups than in the control group, no difference between the SSO and AO groups, without harmful effects on the skin	1 mL/kg for 2 to 3 minutes, 4 times a day for 5 days to the whole body	Sunflower oil and control group	Cold pressed	Almond oil (n=30)Sunflower seed oil (n=30)control (n=30)
	(Lio, 2016)	no erythema, decrease in skin dryness, roughness, and an increase in skin suppleness, 90% decrease in frequency or total absence of diaper dermatitis	the almond oil-based ointment was used daily after each diaper change over 28 days	Pre-test post-test	-	n= 60
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller)	(Ghanipour Badelbuu et al., 2019)	no difference between the Aloe Vera, chamomile, and routine treatments	a layer of 95% Aloe Vera ointment that covers the lesion, TDS, with routine treatment (a mixture of zinc oxide, hydrocortisone, and Clotrimazole) for 6 days	routine treatment alone and routine treatment with chamomile ointment	-	Chamomile (n=30), Aloe Vera (n=30), and control group (n=28)
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.	(Ahmadifard et al., 2020)	Reduce the severity and frequency of migraine attacks at higher doses	every 8 hr to the frontal and temporal areas for 3 months	2, 4, and 6% concentrations and placebo group	essential oil	Basil 2% (n=36)Basil 4% (n=36)Basil 6% (n=34)Placebo (n=35)
Calendula (Calendula officinalis,Calendula persica)	(Sharifi‐Heris et al., 2018)	both olive ointment and calendula ointment provide the same results in the healing of Diaper dermatitis	1.5% calendula ointment after diaper changing per day for a period of 7 days	1.5% olive ointment	Not mentioned	olive ointment (n=37) calendula ointment (n=39)
German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.)Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L.)	(Ghanipour Badelbuu et al., 2019)	no difference between the Aloe Vera, chamomile, and routine treatments	a layer of ointment that covers the lesion, TDS, with routine treatment (a mixture of zinc oxide, hydrocortisone, and Clotrimazole) for 6 days	routine treatment alone and routine treatment with aloe vera ointment	-	Chamomile (n=30), Aloe Vera (n=30), and control group (n=28)
	(Salehipoor et al., 2019)	improve and reduce the symptoms of infantile colic	five drops, three times a day for 14 days	paraffin	In sesame oil	Chamomile (n=34),Placebo (n=34)
	(Sorme et al., 2019)		5 to 7 drops, 6 times a day, on two areas of the body each time (back and abdomen) for 7 days	mineral oil	In mineral oil	Chamomile (n=51),Placebo (n=51)
	(Sharifi et al., 2017)	Decrease the frequency of nocturia in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal or daytime enuresis.	6 drops on the perineal and suprapubic area of children one time per night	sweet almond oil (placebo)	in sweet almond oil	Chamomile (n=40),Placebo (n=40)
	(Zargaran et al., 2018)	Reduction of pain, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia after 30 minutes in patients with migraine headache	2 ml of chamomile oil oleogel is applied topically on the forehead, temporal, and behind the ears when a headache is started. It will be done two times, after 2 weeks washing time the groups change their oil	placebo	oleogel prepared from chamomile oil (extraction of chamomile flower ingredients in sesame oil) in compression with placebo, including an oleogel prepared from 10% Chamomile oil and 90% liquid paraffin	drug-placebo (n=38) placebo-drug (n=34)
coconut (Cocos nucifera)	(Saeedi, GHOLAMI, Dinparvar, & Kabirian, 2011)	positive effect on weight gaining in preterm newborns	Four ml was massaged for 5 minutes, 4 times a day for 7 days	Only massage) and (Control)	Not mentioned	massage therapy with oil (n=33), massage therapy without oil (n=30) and control group (n=30)
Costus (Saussurea costus Lipsch.)	(Ilkhani et al., 2021)	effective in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with a 74.5% response rate	20 drops twice a day topically (in the morning and before sleep) on the area between the navel and pubic region without massage for 4 weeks.	Cold pressed sesame oil as the control group	in sesame oil	Costus oil (n=39)Sesame oil (n=43)
Lavender(Lavandula angustifolia,Lavandula stoechas)	(Çetinkaya & Başbakkal, 2012)	effective for the reduction of infantile colic symptoms	1 drop of lavender oil mixed with 20 ml of almondoil, start the massage within 1–2 min of the onset of thecolic attack last between 5 and 15 min; for 4 weeks	control	In almond oil	Lavender oil (n=20)Control (n=20)
Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora)	(Burke et al., 2004)	effective in reducing the number of lesions of molluscum.	one drop of 10% solution to each molluscum lesion once daily at bedtime for 21 days	vehicle (olive oil)	essential oil	active treatment (n=16) vehicle (n=15)
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)	(Ranjbar et al., 2020)	significantly improved some of the most common sleep problems except snoring	7 drops on forehead and temporal areas for three weeks	topical placebo oil and clonidine capsule compared to lettuce seed oil and a placebo capsule	cold press	Lettuce oil (n=34)Control (n=33)
Mastic Oil (Pistacia lentiscus)	( Baradaran Sattarzadeh et al., 2021)	reduce early satiation better than the placebo, and satisfaction with the treatment was higher in the mastic group than the sesame group in patients with Functional dyspepsia (adults)	10 drops/TDS after meal) with massage for 4 weeks	sesame oil	In sesame oil	Mastic Oil (n=32) sesame oil (n=31)
Olive oil (Olea europaea L)	(Arman-Asl et al., 2021)	Effective in the treatment of children with functional constipation	85% olive oil ointment, twice a day, for 4 days	an ointment containing 85% liquid paraffin	Not mentioned	Olive oil ointment (n=20) placebo (n=20)
	(Yokoi & Kamata, 2021)	useful for more than three-quarters of children with severe chronic constipation	1-2 ml/kg, only one timeeither alone or followed several hours later by 1–2 ml/kg glycerin enemas once or twice a day	Pretest-posttest	Not mentioned	n=92
	(LESTARININGSIH & TRIWIJAYANTI, 2020)	decrease in enuresis in preschool children	Not mentioned	pretest and post-test	Not mentioned	n=32

	(Sharifi‐Heris et al., 2018)	both olive ointment and calendula ointment provide the same results in the healing of Diaper dermatitis	1.5% olive ointment, after diaper changing per day for a period of 7 days	1.5% calendula ointment	Not mentioned	olive ointment (n=37) calendula ointment (n=39)
	(Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer et al., 2008)	more effective than water-in-oil emollient in the prevention of dermatitis	a thin coat of the Olive oil cream (30% olive oil and 70% lanoline) on the body, except the face and scalp twice a day for 4 weeks	Bepanthen (a proprietary ointment including dexpanthenol and phenoxyethanol) and control grouproutine skincare	Not mentioned	Bepanthen (n=57) Olive oil (n=58) Control (n=58)

	(Nasiri, et al., 2015)	olive oil in combination with routine cares is more effective than routine cares alone on healing of diabetic foot ulcer, without any side effect	once a day for 4 weeks in both groups	control	Not mentioned	intervention group (n = 15), control group (n = 15)
Rose (Rosa gallica L - Rosa centifolia L)	(Niazi et al., 2017)	decrease the pain intensity In patients with hot migraine headaches (adults)	apply 2 ml of their prescribed oils on the forehead andtemporal zones for 1 week,	Paraffin oil	In sesame oil (10 %)	Rose oil (n=15) placebo (n=14)
Rose (Rosa gallica L - Rosa centifolia L)	(DEHGHANI et al., 2015)	Highestconcentrations (20 and 25%) have promoted wound healing activity (rabbits)	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	essential oil of Rosa damascenaextracted by Clevenger distillation	-
Sesame (Sesamum indicum)	(Shamloo et al., 2015)	reduce pain severity and frequency of received NSAIDs in patients with upper or lower extremities trauma (adults)	10 drops for each 50 square cm on the site of trauma, with massage, once a day until 10 days	control	manufactured by the Saman Sesame Oil Ltd.	Sesame oil (n=63) control (n=63)
Sunflower)Helianthus annuus(	(F. & AR, 2009)	Correction of triglyceride levelswithout the use of intravenous lipids in infants that do not receive nutrition through the gastrointestinal tract without adverse events	1 g/kg, TDS, for 7 days	control	Not mentioned	Sunflower oil (n=10) control (n=10)
	(Alizadeh P, 2013)	improve weight gain and shorten the length of NICU stay in premature neonates without adverse events	10 cc/kg/day divided three times per day, each session lasting 15 min with moderate pressure massage,for 5 days	control	Not mentioned	Intervention group (N = 22) Control group (N = 22)
	(Darmstadt et al., 2004)	improvement in skin condition and a highly significant reduction in the incidence of nosocomial infections without adverse events	4 g/kg/day divided three times per day for the first 14 day and two times per day for the second 14 days	control	Not mentioned	Intervention (n=51) Control (n=52)

	(Caglar et al., 2020)	better stratum corneum hydration in the SSO and AO groups than in the control group, no difference between the SSO and AO groups, without harmful effects on the skin	1 mL/kg for 2 to 3 minutes, 4 times a day for 5 days to the whole body	Sweet Almond oil and control group	cold extracted	Almond oil (n=30)Sunflower seed oil (n=30)control (n=30)
	(Dwiyana et al., 2019)	decreasing the transepidermal water loss score and improving scoring of atopic dermatitis index in children with mild atopic dermatitis,without adverse reactions	20% cream, twice daily, on both arms, both limbs, and in AD lesions (if present) For 28 days	a common commercial moisturiser	Not mentioned	Sunflower seed oil 20% (n=9) Control cream (n = 11)
Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)	(Markum & Baillie, 2012)	The combination of essential oil of M. alternifolia (TTO) with organically bound iodine offers a safe therapeutic alternative in treating childhood molluscum.	twice daily for 30 days	TTO alone, combination of TTO and organically bound iodine (TTO-I), or iodine alone	essential oil	16 cases in each group
Sweet violet (Viola odorata L)	(Tafazoli et al., 2020)	Control of fever in febrile neutropenic children during the hospital course	20 drops, only one time	Placebo	In sweet almond oil	41 children divided into two groups.
	(Feyzabadi et al., 2018)	most influential among the three groups and more effective on sleep quality than sleep quantity (adults)	Intranasal dropping of Violet oil, Almond oil or placebo (1% solution of Carboxymethyl cellulose) in each nostril every night before sleep for 30 days	Sweet Almond oil and placebo	In sweet almond oil	Violet oil (n=22)Sweet almond oil (n=19)Placebo (n=19)
	(Saffar Shahroodi et al., 2019)	enhance tear production and improves tear film stability (adults)	2 drops 3 times a day for 1 month	Sweet Almond oil and placebo	In sweet almond oil	Violet oil (n=32)Sweet almond oil (n=29)Placebo (n=30)
	(Yazdi et al., 2020)	significant positive effects on the symptoms of allergic rhinitis (adults)	1 drop per nostril 2 times a day for 2 weeks	placebo	Ethanolic extract insweet almond oil	Violet oil (n=38)Placebo (n=38)

Table 3

Oil name	Mechanism of action	Adverse effects
Sweet almond ( Amygdalus communis - Prunus communis )	Sedative and hypnotic activity: Decrease in the core body temperature, inhibitory actions of spinal cord interneurons, increases the production of GABA, stimulate detoxification of the liver (related to Amino acids like glutamine)amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, arginine, and ornithine can act as amino acid neurotransmitters; therefore, they play an important rolein excitation and inhibition of synapsesAnti-inflammatory activity: Inhibit the expression and formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages (related to Polyphenols) and decrease serum E-selectin, reduce oxidative stress (associated with MUFAs, polyphenols, flavonoids) (Karimi et al., 2021)Anti-oxidant effect: scavenging free radicals by Tocopherols (Arranz, Cert, Pérez-Jiménez, Cert, & Saura-Calixto, 2008) and may be estimated by GSH, SOD, MDA, and CAT levels (Al-Attar, 2020)	atopic dermatitis rash and itching (Ouzir et al., 2021)
German chamomile ( Matricaria recutita L .) Roman chamomile ( Chamaemelum nobile L.)	anti-spasmodic effect: by opening the K⁺ channelsanti-inflammatory effect: inhibition of COX-2 and proinflammatory biomarkers in THP1 macrophagesneuroprotective effect: reduction in NO levels (related to polyphenolic compounds [Flavonoides] including apigenin) (Zargaran et al., 2014)	contact dermatitis/skin reactions, eye irritation (when applied near the eyes), hypersensitivity reaction (Mollabashi, Ziaie, Bekhradi, & Khalesi, 2020)German chamomile:Contact dermatitis, Type I and IV allergy (Type IV in > 50% of Compositae-sensitive patients but low risk of sensitization/elicitation of dermatitis based on published reports),Immediate-type reactions from contact urticaria to more severe systemic reactionsRoman chamomile: Contact dermatitis (Paulsen, 2002)
Sweet violet (Viola odorata L)	Anti-inflammatory effect: Control serum levels of increased IgE, IL-4, IL13, eosinophilia, and increased mucosal secretion [19]Anti-oxidant effect: scavenge NO radicals and tyrosinase inhibition [20]Hypnotic effects: binding offlavonoids with high affinity to the benzodiazepine site of the GABA receptor and Rutin, a significant flavonoid component that has sedative effects in the brain, presence of melatonin in V. odorata flowers [21]anti-microbial and antifungal activity: monoterpenes andsesquiterpenes such as phenyl butanone, linalool, benzylalcohol, α-cadinol, globulol, and viridiflorolchronic cough, hoarseness, and stridor: Mucilage with laxative properties[20]	There is not enough information to know if it is safe to put sweet violet on the skin.No serious adverse effects were reported in the studies
Olive oil ( Olea europaea L)	Anti-inflammatory effect: inhibition of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in the prostaglandin-biosynthesis pathway, attenuating inflammatory mediators such as inducible NO synthase(by oleocanthal), inhibition of TNF-α (by oleuropein aglycone) (Beauchamp et al., 2005; Cicerale, Lucas, & Keast, 2012)Anti-oxidant activity: decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and elicitsignificant free-radical scavenging effects, Reduce F2-isoprostane (a result of the free radical-induced peroxidation ofarachidonic acid) levels (related to hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein)Anti-microbial effect:o-diphenol system of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein,scavenging of nitricoxide؟ (by hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and caffeic acid) (Tuck & Hayball, 2002)	detrimental impact on SC integrity and skin barrier function, and transepidermal water loss (Lin, Zhong, & Santiago, 2017)allergic contact dermatitis (Ernst, 2000)

Rose ( Rosa gallica L - Rosa centifolia L)	Hypnotic activity: affect the CNS through the olfactory way and trigger the release of some neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin,stimulating the limbic system and suppressing the sympathetic system adrenaline level (Keyhanmehr et al., 2018)Neuroprotective effect: induces the neurite outgrowth and inhibits the Aβ fibrillization and deposition in the brain, inhibits apoptosis, promotes neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity, promotes cerebrovascular blood flow, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuronal morphology Effect on length of dendrite similar to nerve growth factor (NGF) scavenging free radicals, and releasing neurotransmitter (acetylcholine), reduction of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide-releasing, suppression inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β. by flavonoids, anti-oxidant functions.Anti-oxidant functions: donate hydrogen, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting lipid peroxidation, chelating metal ions, and other free radicals (Esfandiary et al., 2015) by flavonol glycosides including quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-arabinosideAnalgesic effect: effect on both phases centrally and peripherally, anti-oxidant activity (Hajhashemi, Ghannadi, & Hajiloo, 2010)Anti-microbial activity: citronellol, geraniol, and nerolAnti-spasmodic effect: through stimulating the b-adrenergic and opioid receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels (Mahboubi, 2016)	Not mentioned

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Topical application of medicinal plant oils in pediatric-related disorders: A comparative review article based on traditional Persian medicine.

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