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Fig. 1. Hypothetical ‘sufficient causes’ for dementia that involve raised plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) as one of the single component causes. For example, B might be age, C hypercholesterolemia, D hypertension, E smoking, F ApoE4, G low physicalactivit
Figure 4. Fig. 1. Hypothetical ‘sufficient causes’ for dementia that involve raised plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) as one of the single component causes. For example, B might be age, C hypercholesterolemia, D hypertension, E smoking, F ApoE4, G low physicalactivity,Hloweducation.BasedonRothman&Greenland [14].

Description

A causal model illustrates how elevated plasma homocysteine may contribute to dementia through multiple pathways, interacting with other risk factors such as age, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic predisposition. No single factor is sufficient alone; rather, combinations of component causes drive disease.

More Figures from This Paper

Brain imaging studies demonstrate that elevated homocysteine is associated with accelerated rates of brain atrophy, particularly in medial temporal lobe structures critical for memory. B-vitamin treatment appears to slow this atrophy in individuals with elevated baseline homocysteine.

Figure 3

Brain imaging studies demonstrate that elevated homocysteine is associated with accelerated rates of brain atrophy, particularly in medial temporal lobe structures critical for memory. B-vitamin treatment appears to slow this atrophy in individuals with elevated baseline homocysteine.

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Meta-analyses of cohort studies consistently indicate that elevated homocysteine is associated with approximately doubled risk of Alzheimer's disease. The strength of this association persists after adjustment for common confounders including age, sex, and education.

Figure 5

Meta-analyses of cohort studies consistently indicate that elevated homocysteine is associated with approximately doubled risk of Alzheimer's disease. The strength of this association persists after adjustment for common confounders including age, sex, and education.

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Figure 4

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Source Paper

Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2018)

PMID: 29480200

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-171042

Cite This Figure

![Figure 4: A causal model illustrates how elevated plasma homocysteine may contribute to dementia through multiple pathways, interacting with other risk factors such as age, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic predisposition. No single factor is sufficient alone; rather, combinations of component causes drive disease.](https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/29480200/56.png)

> Source: A David Smith et al. "Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement.." *Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD*, 2018. PMID: [29480200](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480200/)
<figure>
  <img src="https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/29480200/56.png" alt="A causal model illustrates how elevated plasma homocysteine may contribute to dementia through multiple pathways, interacting with other risk factors such as age, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic predisposition. No single factor is sufficient alone; rather, combinations of component causes drive disease." />
  <figcaption>Figure 4. A causal model illustrates how elevated plasma homocysteine may contribute to dementia through multiple pathways, interacting with other risk factors such as age, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic predisposition. No single factor is sufficient alone; rather, combinations of component causes drive disease.<br>  Source: A David Smith et al. "Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement.." <em>Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD</em>, 2018. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480200/">29480200</a></figcaption>
</figure>

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