Genome wide association study of a Circadian Imbalance Index in 312,935 European ancestry UK Biobank participants identifies loci related to diabetes, mood and myocardial infarction.

Magdalena Żebrowska, Matthias Wielscher, Jing Zhang, Ingvild Saksvik-Lehouillier, Lee DiMilia et al.

Other Research square 2025

<\/script>\n

`; }, get iframeSnippet() { const domain = 'sleepcited.com'; const params = 'pmid\u003D41510233'; return ``; }, get activeSnippet() { return this.method === 'script' ? this.scriptSnippet : this.iframeSnippet; }, copySnippet() { navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.activeSnippet).then(() => { this.copied = true; setTimeout(() => { this.copied = false; }, 2000); }); } }" @keydown.escape.window="open = false" @click.outside="open = false">

Embed This Widget

Style

Widget powered by . Free, no account required.

Study Design

Tipo de estudio: genome-wide association study
Tamaño de muestra: 312935

Intervención: Genome wide association study of a Circadian Imbalance Index in 312,935 European ancestry UK Biobank participants identifies loci related to diabetes, mood and myocardial infarction. None
Comparador: Placebo
Dirección del efecto: Mixed
Riesgo de sesgo: Low

Abstract

The Circadian Imbalance Index (CII) integrates chronotype, sleep duration, neuroticism, caffeine intake, and vitamin D. In a genome wide association study (GWAS) of CII in 312,935 European ancestry UK Biobank participants, we identified 27 loci mapping to 72 genes, including circadian regulators CALCA, DHCR7, KDM5A, HAL, and CRX. Gene-overlap analyses demonstrated shared architecture with CII components, while EPHB1, SERPING1, C12orf74, PLEKHG7, and EEA1 were uniquely associated with CII. A CII polygenic score (CII-PRS) showed phenome-wide associations with type 2 diabetes (T2D), major depressive disorder, and obesity. Genetic correlations linked CII with insomnia, mood symptoms, body mass index (BMI), T2D, coronary artery disease (CAD), and myocardial infarction (MI). Mendelian randomization suggested causal effects of CII on T2D, mood swings, and MI, and reverse effects of CAD, mood, and MI on CII. This work shows that circadian imbalance is a polygenic trait connecting sleep-related biology to metabolic, cardiovascular and mood health outcomes.

Full Text

PDF

Loading PDF...

Figures

Fig. 1:

Manhattan plot from the genome-wide association study of the Circadian Imbalance Index in 312,935 European ancestry UK Biobank participants, highlighting significant loci.

chart

Fig. 2:

Regional association plots for lead SNPs identified in the GWAS of the Circadian Imbalance Index, showing loci related to diabetes, mood, and myocardial infarction.

chart

Fig. 3:

Phenome-wide association results linking the Circadian Imbalance Index genetic loci to related traits including sleep duration, chronotype, and cardiometabolic outcomes.

chart

Fig. 4:

Pathway or gene-set enrichment analysis for the significant loci from the Circadian Imbalance Index GWAS, revealing biological processes relevant to circadian regulation.

chart

Tables

Table 1

		CII value
		0	1	2	3	4	5	Total
N (%)		29,538 (9.4)	87,028 (27.8)	103,761 (33.2)	65,257 (20.9)	23,254 (7.4)	4,097 (1.3)	312,935
Age *		58.1 ± 7.8	57.2 ± 8.0	56.5 ± 8.0	55.8 ± 8.1	55.2 ± 8.1	54.2 ± 8.1	56.6 ± 8.1
Male, N (%)		15,810 (53.5)	43,253 (49.7)	48,700 (46.9)	29,271 (44.9)	9,781 (42.1)	1,658 (40.5)	148,473 (47.4)
BMI *		26.4 ± 3.9	26.9 ± 4.3	27.4 ± 4.7	27.9 ± 5.1	28.5 ± 5.5	29.2 ± 5.9	27.4 ± 4.7
Average total household income before tax, N (%)	Less than £18,000	4,325 (14.7)	13,504 (15.5)	18,301 (17.7)	13,593 (20.9)	5,979 (25.8)	1,354 (33.3)	5,7056 (18.3)
	£18,000 to £31,000	6,602 (22.4)	19,224 (22.1)	22,747 (22.0)	14,478 (22.3)	5,065 (21.9)	861 (21.2)	68,977 (22.1)
	£31,000 to £52,000	7,213 (24.4)	21,001 (24.2)	24,690 (23.8)	15,105 (23.2)	5,020 (21.7)	774 (19.0)	73,803 (23.6)
	£52,000 to £100,000	6,066 (20.6)	17,882 (20.6)	20,307 (19.6)	11,522 (17.7)	3,446 (14.9)	487 (12.0)	59,710 (19.1)
	Greater than £100,000	1,952 (6.6)	5,221 (6.0)	5,458 (5.3)	2631 (4.0)	750(3.2)	87(2.1)	16,099 (5.2)
	Unknown	3,352 (11.4)	10,070 (11.6)	12,040 (11.6)	7,730 (11.9)	2,879 (12.4)	504 (12.4)	36,575 (11.7)
Education, N (%)	College or University degree	10,544 (35.7)	30,398 (34.9)	34,399 (33.2)	19,617 (30.1)	6,266 (26.9)	980 (23.9)	102,204 (32.7)
	Other	14,788 (50.1)	43,294 (49.7)	52,267 (50.4)	33,678 (51.6)	12,073 (51.9)	2,168 (52.9)	158,268 (50.6)
	Unknown	4,206 (14.2)	13,336 (15.3)	17,095 (16.5)	11,962 (18.3)	4,915 (21.1)	949 (23.2)	52,463 (16.8)
Shift workers, N (% ^(a) )		2,020 (13.0)	6,938 (13.8)	9,628 (15.4)	7,009 (17.8)	2,821 (21.0)	560 (26.3)	28,976 (9.3)
		CII components
		Evening Person	Short Or Long Sleep	High Neuroticism	No Or High Caffeine	Low Vit D	Total
N (%)		105,673 (33.8)	96,903 (31.0)	74,742 (23.9)	161,085 (51.5)	165,419 (52.9)	312,935
Age *		55.7 ± 8.3	57.1 ± 7.9	55.3 ± 8.0	56.2 ± 8.1	56.0 ± 8.1	56.6 ± 8.1
Male, N (%)		49,943 (47.3)	46,105 (47.6)	28,978 (38.8)	72,382 (44.9)	78,472 (47.4)	148,473 (47.4)
BMI *		27.6 ± 4.8	28.0 ±5.1	27.4 ±5.1	27.5 ± 4.9	28.0 ± 5.1	27.4 (4.7)
Average total household income before tax, N (%)	Less than £18,000	19,374 (18.4)	22,205 (23.0)	16,942 (22.7)	31,267 (19.5)	31,783 (19.3)	57,056 (18.3)
	£18,000 to £31,000	23,142 (22.0)	21,574 (22.3)	16,478 (22.1)	35,864 (22.3)	35,659 (21.6)	68,977 (22.1)
	£31,000 to £52,000	25,258 (24.0)	20,912 (21.7)	16,888 (22.7)	37,342 (23.2)	39,246 (23.8)	73,803 (23.6)
	£52,000 to £100,000	20,642 (19.6)	15,169 (15.7)	12,375 (16.6)	29,217 (18.2)	31,878 (19.3)	59,710 (19.1)
		CII value
		0	1	2	3	4	5	Total
	Greater than £100,000	5,507 (5.2)	3,945 (4.1)	2,631 (3.5)	7,147 (4.4)	8,235 (5.0)	16,099 (5.2)
	Unknown	11,505 (10.9)	12,746 (13.2)	9,170 (12.3)	19,818 (12.3)	18,137 (11.0)	36,575 (11.7)
Education, N (%)	College or University degree	35,511 (33.6)	26,268 (27.1)	21,327 (28.5)	47,558 (29.5)	57,347 (34.7)	102,204 (32.7)
	Other	54,562 (51.6)	49,737 (51.3)	38,740 (51.8)	83,752 (52.0)	81,203 (49.1)	158,268 (50.6)
	Unknown	15,600 (14.8)	20,898 (21.6)	14,675 (19.6)	29,775 (18.5)	26,869 (16.2)	52,463 (16.8)
Shift workers, N (%^(a))		11,082 (17.4)	10,515 (19.9)	7,504 (17.3)	15,835 (16.6)	16,369 (16.0)	28,976 (9.3)

Table 2

Genomic Locus	Variant	Chromosome: position	Nearest gene	Effect allele	Effect size (P)	Standard error	P-value
7	rs34265662	4:72617557	GC	TA	0,0793	0,0031	1,49E-147
11	rs117913124	11:14900931	CYP2R1	A	0,2192	0,0085	1,01E-146
14	rs3794060	11:71187679	NADSYN1	T	−0,0434	0,0034	5,05E-37
10	9:140259068_T_TA	9:140259068	EXD3	TA	0,0301	0,0043	1,57E-12
9	rs73198970	8:11040216	XKR6	C	0,0187	0,0028	3,47E-11
12	11:57522200_CCCCT_C	11:57522200	TMX2-CTNND1:RP11-691N7.6:CTNND1	C	0,0196	0,0030	6,42E-11
22	rs567979837	13:60753105	RNY4P28	CT	−0,0185	0,0028	7,51E-11
25	rs1557341	18:35127427	CELF4	C	−0,0193	0,0030	9,28E-11
5	rs7652808	3:85603643	CADM2	G	0,0185	0,0029	2,12E-10
21	rs10859995	12:96375682	HAL	C	0,0178	0,0028	3,08E-10
27	rs2547244	19:48363039	TPRX2P	G	0,0231	0,0037	4,92E-10
17	rs6487365	12:24066460	SOX5	A	0,0183	0,0030	9,12E-10
26	rs2126786	18:53447005	RP11-397A16.1:RP11-397A16.2	C	0,0225	0,0037	1,01E-09
19	12:39098718_GT_G	12:39098718	CPNE8	G	0,0171	0,0028	1,55E-09
16	rs10848644	12:365289	SLC6A13:RP11-283I3.4	T	−0,0167	0,0028	2,81E-09
1	rs61816761	1:152285861	FLG-AS1:FLG	A	−0,0574	0,0097	3,80E-09
8	rs2979241	8:8303353	CTA-398F10.2	C	−0,0162	0,0028	7,34E-09
3	rs11563179	2:51693002	AC007682.1	C	0,0222	0,0039	9,43E-09
2	rs2279681	1:201861016	SHISA4	G	−0,0168	0,0029	1,02E-08
20	rs139923919	12:93222395	EEA1	CAT	−0,0176	0,0031	1,04E-08
13	rs509533	11:66070575	TMEM151A	C	0,0159	0,0028	1,68E-08
23	rs16661	14:75128316	AREL1	C	0,0165	0,0030	2,74E-08
18	rs9668760	12:34611172	RP13-7D7.1	G	−0,0157	0,0028	2,98E-08
24	rs62007299	15:77711719	PEAK1	A	0,0169	0,0031	3,55E-08
4	rs7625384	3:18774357:G:T	AC144521.1	T	0,0170	0,0031	3,89E-08
6	rs4082244	3:134729537:C:G	EPHB1	G	−0,0160	0,0029	4,79E-08
15	rs10750539	11:133548873:A:G	RP11-448P19.1	A	0,0160	0,0029	4,81E-08

Table 3

Ensg	Symbol	Chr	Strand	MsigDB Label	PLI	Min GWAS p	Ind Sig Snps	GL
ENSG00000110680	CALCA	11	−1	WP CLOCKCONTROLLED AUTOPHAGY IN BONE METABOLISM^(a)	0.0014	4.8730e-25	11:14992795_AGGAGCCCACAGACCTT_A; rs61878675	11
ENSG00000172893	DHCR7	11	−1	UEDA PERIFERAL CLOCK^(b)	5.0427e-08	6.1235e-37	rs12793607, rs1540129, rs3794060, rs1790349, rs369124946, 11:71203933_AT_A, rs181766110, rs139168803, rs35708376, rs760165576	14
ENSG00000073614	KDM5A	12	−1	WP CIRCADIAN RHYTHM GENES^(c)	0.99999	6.1331e-07	rs10848644	16
ENSG00000084110	HAL	12	−1	UEDA PERIFERAL CLOCK^(b)	5.9087e-17	3.0841e-10	rs10859995	21
ENSG00000105392	CRX	19	1	WP CIRCADIAN RHYTHM GENES^(c)	0.6237	4.7685e-08	rs2547244	27

Table 4

						GWAS overall			GWAS in women
Ensg	GL	Symbol	Chr	PLI	Ind Sig Snps	Ind Sig SNP p	β	se	Ind Sig SNP p	β	se
ENSG00000154928	6	EPHB1^{(a), (b)}	3	9.98E-01	rs4082244	4.79E-08	−0.0160	0.0029	1.47E-07	−0.0303	0.0058
ENSG00000149131	12	SERPING1^{(a), (b), (d)}	11	9.73E-01	rs1647396	2.46E-07	0.0153	0.0028	-	-	-
ENSG00000214215	20	C12orf74^{(a), (b)}	12	5.22E-04	rs139923919	1.04E-08	−0.0176	0.0031	5.13E-06	0.0178	0.0039
ENSG00000187510	20	PLEKHG7^{(a), (b)}	12	3.68E-11	rs139923919
ENSG00000102189	20	EEA1^{(a), (c)}	12	6.97E-01	rs139923919

References

Central and Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Mammals Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 2012
The Mammalian Circadian Timing System: Organization and Coordination of Central and Peripheral Clocks Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2010
Untitled Mood and Anxiety Related Phenotypes in Mice, 2009
The two-process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook† J. Sleep Res., 2022
Genetics of circadian rhythms and sleep in human health and disease Nat. Rev. Genet., 2023
Impact of Circadian Disruption on Cardiovascular Function and Disease Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2019
Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep BMJ, 2016
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in neuropsychiatric illness Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2013
Circadian disruption and human health J. Clin. Invest., 2021
Genetics of Circadian Rhythms Neurol. Clin., 2019
Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 2022
Clocks, Genes and Sleep J. R. Soc. Med., 2003
Untitled A newly developed circadian imbalance index (CII) and risk of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic disease in the UK biobank
Untitled Sleep inertia drives the association of evening chronotype with psychiatric disorders: epidemiological and genetic evidence, 2024
Genome-Wide Association Analyses in 128,266 Individuals Identifies New Morningness and Sleep Duration Loci PLOS Genet, 2016
Insomnia and short sleep duration, but not chronotype, is associated with chronic widespread pain: Mendelian randomization study Rheumatol. Int., 2024
A Role for 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Expression of Circadian Genes J. Biol. Rhythms, 2014
The Circadian Gene Clock Regulates Bone Formation Via PDIA3 J. Bone Miner. Res., 2017
Circadian Rhythm and Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Genes in Osseointegration: A Genome-Wide Screening of Implant Failure by Vitamin D Deficiency PLoS ONE, 2011
Titanium biomaterials with complex surfaces induced aberrant peripheral circadian rhythms in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells PLOS ONE, 2017
Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro Sci. Transl. Med., 2015
Caffeine, the circadian clock, and sleep Science, 2015
Caffeine alters circadian rhythms and expression of disease and metabolic markers Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2011
Caffeine governs molecular mechanism(s) on circadian rhythm and circadian clock gene expression FASEB J, 2017
Sweetened caffeine drinking revealed behavioral rhythm independent of the central circadian clock in male mice Npj Sci. Food, 2024
The nurses’ health study Am. J. Nurs., 1978
The Evolution of a Large Biobank at Mass General Brigham J. Pers. Med., 2022
The “All of Us” Research Program N. Engl. J. Med., 2019
LocusZoom: regional visualization of genome-wide association scan results Bioinformatics, 2010
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies Nat. Genet., 2015
Identifying novel circadian rhythm biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma by an integrated bioinformatics and machine learning approach Aging, 2024
Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2005
The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection Cell Syst, 2015
Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0 Bioinformatics, 2011
Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors Nat. Commun., 2019
FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population Nature, 2023
Trans-ancestry genome-wide study of depression identifies 697 associations implicating cell types and pharmacotherapies Cell, 2025
New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution Nature, 2015
Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior Nat. Genet., 2010
GCTA: A Tool for Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2011
Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data Nat. Commun., 2018
Unravelling the complex causal effects of substance use behaviours on common diseases Commun. Med., 2024
ETS1 Promotes Aerobic Glycolysis and Growth in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting RRAS2 Biochem. Genet., 2024
Activating Mutations of RRAS2 Are a Rare Cause of Noonan Syndrome Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2019
A hotspot mutation targeting the R-RAS2 GTPase acts as a potent oncogenic driver in a wide spectrum of tumors Cell Rep, 2022
A peptide encoded within a 5′ untranslated region promotes pain sensitization in mice Pain, 2021
Parabrachial neurons promote nociplastic pain Trends Neurosci, 2024
Chemical Mediators’ Expression Associated with the Modulation of Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis Curr. Med. Chem., 2020
Regulation of Endoribonuclease Activity of Alpha-Type Proteasome Subunits in Proerythroleukemia K562 Upon Hemin-Induced Differentiation Protein J, 2016
DHCR7: A vital enzyme switch between cholesterol and vitamin D production Prog. Lipid Res., 2016
DHCR7 promotes tumorigenesis via activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in bladder cancer Cell. Signal., 2023
Effect of Polymorphisms in the NADSYN1/DHCR7 Locus (rs12785878 and rs1790349) on Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Coronary Artery Disease Incidence Lifestyle Genomics, 2013
Genetic variants of vitamin D metabolism-related DHCR7/NADSYN1 locus and CYP2R1 gene are associated with clinical features of Parkinson’s disease Int. J. Neurosci., 2022
Maternal circadian disruption is associated with variation in placental DNA methylation PLOS ONE, 2019
Abstract 13596: Effects of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 on the Circadian Clock in Liver Circulation, 2022
Forward signaling by EphB1/EphB2 interacting with ephrin-B ligands at the optic chiasm is required to form the ipsilateral projection Eur. J. Neurosci., 2011
EphB1 Associates with Grb7 and Regulates Cell Migration J. Biol. Chem., 2002
EphB1 promotes the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells in non-small cell lung cancer Cancer Lett, 2024
Loss of Expression of EphB1 Protein in Gastric Carcinoma Associated with Invasion and Metastasis Oncology, 2007
EphB1 Is Underexpressed in Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Cancers Pathobiology, 2008
Loss of expression of EphB1 protein in serous carcinoma of ovary associated with metastasis and poor survival Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 2014
Peripheral EphrinB1/EphB1 signalling attenuates muscle hyperalgesia in MPS patients and a rat model of taut band-associated persistent muscle pain Mol. Pain, 2020
Increased Gene Expression of C1orf74 Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Cervical Cancer Cells, 2023
A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in C12orf43 Region is Associated with the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in a Pakistani Cohort Biochem. Genet., 2016
Mutations in EEA1 are associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and affect phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus by human macrophages PLOS ONE, 2018
Endosomal Localization of the Autoantigen EEA1 Is Mediated by a Zinc-binding FYVE Finger J. Biol. Chem., 1996
Autoantibodies to early endosome antigen (EEA1) produce a staining pattern resembling cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (C-ANCA) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2001
EEA1 restores homeostatic synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons from Rett syndrome mice J. Physiol., 2017
Attenuation of FGF signalling in mouse β-cells leads to diabetes Nature, 2000
Expression of fgf and fgf receptor genes in human breast cancer Int. J. Cancer, 1995
Expression of FGF1 and FGFR1 in human melanoma tissues Melanoma Res, 1996
Fgf signaling in adipocytes as a target for metabolic diseases Mol. Metab., 2013
The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! J. Intern. Med., 2019
UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age PLOS Med, 2015
Prevalence and Characteristics of Probable Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder within UK Biobank: Cross-Sectional Study of 172,751 Participants PLoS ONE, 2013
Compared Heritability of Chronotype Instruments in a Single Population Sample J. Biol. Rhythms, 2021
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY OF CORTISOL AND BODY TEMPERATURE: MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS EFFECTS Chronobiol. Int., 2001
The impact of chronotype on circadian rest-activity rhythm and sleep characteristics across the week Chronobiol. Int., 2021
Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides insights into circadian rhythms Nat. Commun., 2019
Social Jetlag: Misalignment of Biological and Social Time Chronobiol. Int., 2006
A marker for the end of adolescence Curr. Biol., 2004
Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Adv. Nutr., 2019
Meal timing influences daily caloric intake in healthy adults Nutr. Res. N. Y. N, 2014
0017 Circadian Phase Alignment and Sleep Duration in Overweight Adults: Associations with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors SLEEP, 2024
Morning Circadian Misalignment during Short Sleep Duration Impacts Insulin Sensitivity Curr. Biol., 2015
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2010
Untitled Encyclopedia of Sleep, 2013
Wide awake at bedtime? Effects of caffeine on sleep and circadian timing in male adolescents – A randomized crossover trial Biochem. Pharmacol., 2021
A Sleep, Neuronal Plasticity and Brain Function, 2014
“No Thanks, Coffee Keeps Me Awake”: Individual Caffeine Sensitivity Depends on ADORA2A Genotype Sleep, 2012
A Genome-Wide Association Study of Caffeine-Related Sleep Disturbance: Confirmation of a Role for a Common Variant in the Adenosine Receptor Sleep, 2012
Association Between A2a Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003
Impact of Genetic Variability on Physiological Responses to Caffeine in Humans: A Systematic Review Nutrients, 2018
Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2010
Vitamin D: A millenium perspective J. Cell. Biochem., 2003
Vitamin D Deficiency N. Engl. J. Med., 2007
Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004
The lullaby of the sun: the role of vitamin D in sleep disturbance Sleep Med, 2019
The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiency Med. Hypotheses, 2012
Daily and seasonal mitochondrial protection: Unraveling common possible mechanisms involving vitamin D and melatonin J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2020
The role of vitamin D in sleep regulation: mechanisms, clinical advances, and future directions Front. Nutr., 2025
Vitamin D and Sleep Regulation: Is there a Role for Vitamin D? Curr. Pharm. Des., 2020
An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits Nat. Genet., 2015
Computationally efficient whole-genome regression for quantitative and binary traits Nat. Genet., 2021
Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA Nat. Commun., 2017
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies Nat. Genet., 2015
Neighborhood socioeconomic status and mortality in the nurses’ health study (NHS) and the nurses’ health study II (NHSII) Environ. Epidemiol., 2023
Quality control and analytic best practices for testing genetic models of sex differences in large populations Cell, 2023

Used In Evidence Reviews

A Vitamina D para Insomnio

Genome wide association study of a Circadian Imbalance Index in 312,935 European ancestry UK Biobank participants identifies loci related to diabetes, mood and myocardial infarction.

Embed This Widget

Study Design

Abstract

Full Text

Figures

Tables

References

Used In Evidence Reviews

Similar Papers

Sleep symptoms associated with intake of specific dietary nutrients.

Sleep and pain: recent insights, mechanisms, and future directions in the investigation of this relationship.

Baseline Vitamin D Status, Sleep Patterns, and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Data From the UK Biobank Study.

Digital Addiction and Sleep.

Serum nutritional biomarkers and their associations with sleep among US adults in recent national surveys.

Vitamin D deficiency changes the intestinal microbiome reducing B vitamin production in the gut. The resulting lack of pantothenic acid adversely affects the immune system, producing a "pro-inflammatory" state associated with atherosclerosis and autoimmunity.