[Jet lag].
Study Design
- Study Type
- review
- Population
- Air travelers crossing at least four time zones experiencing jet lag; narrative review discussing prevention and reduction strategies including chronobiotic and pharmacologic approaches
- Intervention
- [Jet lag]. non-benzodiazepine hypnotics; time-release caffeine; melatonin (discussed as potentially dangerous)
- Comparator
- no treatment or inappropriate measures
- Primary Outcome
- fatigue, alertness, psychomotor performance after transmeridian travel
- Effect Direction
- Mixed
- Risk of Bias
- Unclear
Abstract
Desynchronization of circadian rhythmicity resulting from rapid travel through at least four time zones leads to symptoms known in everyday English as jet-lag. The most detrimental effect of jet-lag is fatigue with poor alertness and psychomotor performance. Severity is subject to individual variation in susceptibility (morning/evening typology, age,...) and environmental factors (direction of travel, number of time zones crossed, psychosocial environment...). Many measures used to prevent or reduce jet lag are inappropriate or ineffective and some may even be dangerous, such as use of melatonin. One of the most reliable preventive techniques consists of reinforcing social synchronizers by maintaining exposure to sunlight and social activity. Only two drugs currently available on the market can be recommended, i.e. non-benzodiazepinic hypnotics which induce high quality sleep to allow quick recovery and a new time-release caffeine agent which has been shown to prolong psychomotor performance.