Ingredients

Withanolides modulate GABA-A receptors and reduce cortisol; triethylene glycol (TEG) identified as sleep-inducing component.

Eugenol and other phytochemicals modulate cortisol, reduce anxiety via GABAergic mechanisms for sleep support.

Direct serotonin precursor that crosses BBB; serotonin is converted to melatonin in the pineal gland.

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; oral GABA may act on peripheral/enteric nervous system to reduce arousal.

Acts on NMDA receptors in SCN to lower core body temperature; also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in brainstem.

Crosses BBB and increases alpha brain wave activity; boosts GABA, serotonin, and dopamine without sedation.

Essential amino acid precursor to serotonin and melatonin via tryptophan hydroxylase and AADC pathway.

Modulates endocannabinoid system; anxiolytic via 5-HT1A receptor agonism may reduce sleep-onset anxiety.

DHA is incorporated into neuronal membranes affecting serotonin signaling; anti-inflammatory effects support sleep.

Potent GABA-A benzodiazepine-site agonist; inhibits CD38 enzyme, increasing NAD+ for circadian regulation.

Natural melatonin source (13.46 ng/g); proanthocyanidins inhibit IDO, increasing tryptophan bioavailability.

Apigenin binds GABA-A benzodiazepine receptors as a mild anxiolytic; reduces sleep latency via anxiolysis.

Linalool and linalyl acetate modulate GABA-A receptors and reduce sympathetic arousal; primarily aromatherapeutic.

Rosmarinic acid inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing synaptic GABA; also modulates nicotinic receptors.

Honokiol is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors; magnolol activates cannabinoid receptors.

Chrysin and other flavonoids bind GABA-A receptors (benzodiazepine site); increases total GABA levels.

Valerenic acid inhibits GABA breakdown (GABA transaminase inhibitor); isovaleric acid is a partial GABA-A agonist.

Endogenous hormone that binds MT1/MT2 receptors in the SCN, regulating circadian rhythm and sleep onset.

Required for dopamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor); iron deficiency is the primary cause of RLS.

GABA receptor agonist and NMDA antagonist; glycinate form provides calming glycine co-benefit for sleep.

Modulates GABA and glutamate neurotransmission; zinc deficiency is associated with disrupted circadian rhythm.

Triterpenes (ganoderic acids) modulate GABAergic neurotransmission; polysaccharides support immune-mediated sleep regulation.

Blunts cortisol response to stress via HPA axis modulation; reduces evening cortisol for sleep facilitation.

Coenzyme for AADC (converts 5-HTP to serotonin) and glutamate decarboxylase (produces GABA from glutamate).

VDR receptors expressed in brainstem sleep-regulating regions; deficiency linked to shorter sleep duration.