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Figure 2
Figure 2 Diagram

Circadian rhythm regulation involves a complex interplay between the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and peripheral oscillators throughout the body. Melatonin serves as the primary hormonal signal conveying darkness information to these systems.

New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms …

Figure 2
Figure 3 Chart

Exogenous melatonin administration influences circadian phase positioning, with the direction and magnitude of phase shifts depending on the timing of administration. Evening doses advance the circadian clock, while morning doses may cause phase delays.

New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms …

Figure 3
Figure 4 Chart

Clinical applications of melatonin extend beyond sleep induction to include circadian rhythm resynchronization in jet lag, shift work disorder, and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Dose-response relationships vary across these conditions.

New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms …

Figure 3
Figure 3 Chart

Hormonal response profiles to standardized meals are compared between normal and delayed meal timing conditions, revealing shifts in metabolic hormone rhythms.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 4
Figure 4 Chart

Average plasma glucose concentration under constant routine conditions is reduced following a 5-hour delay in meal times, suggesting meal timing significantly influences glucose metabolism rhythms.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 5
Figure 5 Chart

Core body temperature rhythms are displayed across experimental conditions, demonstrating that meal timing shifts selectively affect peripheral but not central circadian markers.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 4. The Average Plasma Glucose Concentration in Constant Routine Conditions Is Reduced Following a 5-hr Delay in Meal Times
Figure 6 Chart

Plasma glucose concentrations during constant routine conditions show a significant reduction after participants experienced delayed meal times, indicating that meal scheduling influences circadian glucose regulation.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 7
Figure 7 Chart

Clock gene expression patterns in adipose tissue are compared between the two meal timing conditions, revealing tissue-specific circadian phase shifts.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 8
Figure 8 Chart

Per2 and other clock gene transcript levels measured from peripheral blood samples demonstrate delayed phase alignment consistent with the shifted meal schedule.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 9
Figure 9 Diagram

Summary model of how meal timing acts as a zeitgeber for peripheral clocks independent of the central suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemaker.

Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Forest Plot

Forest plot from a meta-analysis of melatonin supplementation trials displays weighted mean differences in sleep onset latency, suggesting melatonin is associated with modest but statistically significant improvements in time to fall asleep.

Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Forest Plot

Pooled effect estimates for melatonin's impact on total sleep time and sleep quality across randomized controlled trials are presented, with subgroup analyses by dosage and duration.

Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.

Figure 1. The biosynthesis of melatonin.
Figure 5 Diagram

Biosynthetic pathway of melatonin from tryptophan is displayed, showing the sequential enzymatic steps through serotonin N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase.

Dietary Sources and Bioactivities of Melatonin.

Figure 2. Melatonin and its metabolites.
Figure 6 Diagram

Melatonin and its metabolites including 6-hydroxymelatonin, AFMK, and AMK are structurally depicted, illustrating the biotransformation cascade.

Dietary Sources and Bioactivities of Melatonin.

Figure 3. Mechanisms of melatonin enhancing the sensitivities of lung cancer cells to berberine (B).
Figure 7 Diagram

Mechanisms by which melatonin enhances lung cancer cell sensitivity to berberine are diagrammed, showing synergistic effects on apoptotic and autophagic pathways.

Dietary Sources and Bioactivities of Melatonin.

Figure 3
Figure 3 Photograph

Brain imaging studies demonstrate that elevated homocysteine is associated with accelerated rates of brain atrophy, particularly in medial temporal lobe structures critical for memory. B-vitamin treatment appears to slow this atrophy in individuals with elevated baseline homocysteine.

Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement.

Fig. 1. Hypothetical ‘sufficient causes’ for dementia that involve raised plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) as one of the single component causes. For example, B might be age, C hypercholesterolemia, D hypertension, E smoking, F ApoE4, G low physicalactivit
Figure 4 Diagram

A causal model illustrates how elevated plasma homocysteine may contribute to dementia through multiple pathways, interacting with other risk factors such as age, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic predisposition. No single factor is sufficient alone; rather, combinations of component causes drive disease.

Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement.

Figure 5
Figure 5 Forest Plot

Meta-analyses of cohort studies consistently indicate that elevated homocysteine is associated with approximately doubled risk of Alzheimer's disease. The strength of this association persists after adjustment for common confounders including age, sex, and education.

Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the rest–activity circadian rhythm and the sleep–wake cycle.
Figure 6 Diagram

Factors influencing the rest-activity circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake cycle are mapped, encompassing light, melatonin, physical activity, and social timing cues.

Biological Rhythm and Chronotype: New Perspectives in Health.

Figure 2. Flow chart of the selection of studies for inclusion in this review.
Figure 7 Flowchart

PRISMA-style flow chart shows the systematic selection process for studies included in this review on biological rhythm and chronotype in health.

Biological Rhythm and Chronotype: New Perspectives in Health.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of included studies.
Figure 1 Flowchart

A PRISMA flow diagram outlines the systematic search and screening process for studies evaluating nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety disorders. Database searches, inclusion criteria application, and final study selection are detailed.

Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review.

Figure 6
Figure 6 Diagram

Metabolic consequences of circadian disruption include altered glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and energy balance. This figure summarizes the pathophysiological links between circadian misalignment and metabolic disease risk.

Circadian Rhythms Disrupted by Light at Night and Mistimed Food Intake Alter …

Figure 1
Figure 1 Diagram

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies involve severe drug-resistant epilepsy with significant neurodevelopmental comorbidities. This figure summarizes the psychobehavioural and cognitive adverse events associated with anti-seizure medications used to treat these rare childhood-onset syndromes.

Psychobehavioural and Cognitive Adverse Events of Anti-Seizure Medications for the Treatment of …

Figure 1
Figure 1 Flowchart

Study enrollment and participant flow for a long-term follow-up trial of prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM) in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and insomnia. The diagram tracks participants through screening, treatment phases, and follow-up periods.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children …

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